2.1In cassatie kan van het volgende worden uitgegaan.
(i) Theodoor Gilissen Bankiers N.V. was een dochtervennootschap van KBL. KBL heeft voor Theodoor Gilissen Bankiers N.V. een aansprakelijkheidsverklaring als bedoeld in art. 2:403 BW afgelegd.
(ii) TGB is door fusie per 30 september 2017 de rechtsopvolgster van Theodoor Gilissen Bankiers N.V. Ook Theodoor Gilissen Bankiers N.V. zal hierna met TGB worden aangeduid.
(iii) In juli 2003 hebben [verweerder] en TGB een effectenbemiddelingsovereenkomst gesloten. Daaraan voorafgaand heeft [verweerder] op basis van vermogensadvies belegd bij Effectenbank Stroeve, een rechtsvoorgangster van TGB.
(iv) [betrokkene 1] was de vaste accountmanager van [verweerder] bij TGB.
(v) Bij brief van 25 oktober 2007 heeft TGB onder meer aan [verweerder] geschreven dat hij, in verband met de inwerkingtreding van de Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) per 1 november 2007, onder de nieuwe wettelijke definities als ‘non-professional investor’ zal worden behandeld, wat betekent dat aan hem het maximale beschermingsniveau zal worden geboden in de effectendiensten die door TGB worden geleverd.
(vi) Bij e-mailbericht van 13 augustus 2008 heeft TGB, voor zover hier van belang, aan [verweerder] geschreven:
“We would like to inform you about your position regarding your account [(...)] within our firm.
Due to the exposure of your future holdings the required variation margin has risen dramatically. Together with the price for the stock exchanges this has resulted in a shortfall of the collateral you have provided to us in order to mitigate the risks involved. According to our calculations the deficit amounts to approximately EUR 3,700,000.00. For more details we have enclosed a spreadsheet called MARGIN CALL [(..)].
We kindly ask you to transfer at least the amount of EUR 3,700,000.00 (...) to your account with us (...).”
(vii) [verweerder] en zijn toenmalige advocaat hebben tegen die margin call geprotesteerd.
(viii) Bij e-mailbericht van 29 augustus 2008 heeft TGB, voor zover hier van belang, aan [verweerder] geschreven:
“Firstly, upon careful reconsideration I have reached the conclusion that the margin call issued by our firm on the 13th of August on your account as well as the follow-up email of the 15th of August should in principle not have been issued. Please know that we highly value you as a customer and it is our intention to continue our long lasting relationship. I have therefore ordered that your account is to be reopened with immediate effect. Also, going over your file it has become clear that the agreement underlying our trading relationship must be actualized in due time.
Secondly, the communication between Theodoor Gilissen and yourself has been very poor. We sincerely apologize for the way this situation has been handled as I believe that the current stand-off has been totally unnecessary. It is my conviction that this matter should have been solved face-to-face and not in the strictly formal manner that was chosen. Furthermore, the specifics of your account should have been checked carefully before any margin call was issued.”
(ix) Bij brief van 15 september 2008 heeft de toenmalige advocaat van [verweerder] aan de toenmalige advocaat van TGB onder meer geschreven dat [verweerder] TGB aansprakelijk houdt voor de verliezen die het gevolg zijn van de verkeerde handelingen van TGB en dat [verweerder] niets aan TGB verschuldigd is.
(x) Bij brief van 18 september 2008 heeft de toenmalige advocaat van TGB, voor zover hier van belang, aan de toenmalige advocaat van [verweerder] geschreven:
“Your letter dated September 15 (...) has surprised my cliënt and is contradictory to your client’s earlier statements as presented among others in your letter of August 18. On behalf of the bank I reserve all rights and remedies against your client. The bank rejects all claims and liability and denies all allegations in your letter, many of which are based on false facts.
The new standpoint of your client now urges the bank to take drastic measures to avoid further losses. The obligation to limit damages rests mainly on your client, but for the past few weeks, presumably longer, he has been waiting for loss or profit, now holding the bank liable for his losses. This is totally unacceptable. My client will now take every measure it deems necessary to limit losses in the positions of your client.
(…).
The statements in your letter force me to summon your client to disclose within 12 hours as from the present e-mail, whether or not he wishes to maintain his current trading positions. If he wants to maintain these, he must either within 12 hours transfer cash in the amount of EUR 7.5 million to his account (the estimated negative value of his total current position, marked to market, initial margins and expenses), or provide full details of another bank to which the positions can be transferred. (...) If within 12 hours your client does not unambiguously choose and perform one of the said options, he leaves the bank no choice but to liquidate the positions. In so doing the bank shall observe due care. The liquidation takes place for the account of your client and my client still holds him liable for all (possible) losses, expenses, debts and deficits in his accounts with the bank, everything on the basis of the applicable terms and conditions.”
(xi) Bij brief van 3 oktober 2008 heeft TGB [verweerder] gesommeerd binnen tien dagen € 4.548.390,47 aan haar te voldoen ter aanzuivering van het volgens haar na liquidatie van de effectenposities van [verweerder] resterende debetsaldo op een door [verweerder] bij TGB aangehouden rekening. [verweerder] heeft dat bedrag niet aan TGB voldaan.