12.3.Degree and Duration of Involvement in the Cartel
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(506) [**] state that the individual members of the Big 5 did not necessarily participate in each and every allocation meeting. One reason for this is that even if they had wanted to participate, it was understood that cartel participants could only participate in the allocation discussions if they had received an invitation to make a bid [**]. Other reasons for not participating in an allocation meeting could be a lack of interest in a specific project, technical reasons, inconvenient meeting dates etc.
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In het hoofdstuk over de juridische beoordeling is onder meer het volgende vermeld:
"13.2.2. The nature of the infringement
13.2.2.1.Principles concerning agreements and concerted practices
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(553) Even if it were true that no all-encompassing agreement was reached (for example in the Netherlands), some factual elements of the illicit arrangements, such as exchange of confidential information, the consultation mechanisms and the bargaining process resulting in concrete agreements, have the characteristics of concerted practices that facilitated the coordination of the parties' commercial behaviour. The contacts and discussions between the cartel participants improved predictability and reduced uncertainty as to the other members' conduct on the market. According to the case law, such a concerted practice is caught by Article 81 of the Treaty even in the absence of anticompetitive effects on the market.
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13.2.2.2. Application in this case
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(559)
The Netherlands:As demonstrated in Section 12 of the this Decision, and acknowledged by KONE, Mitsubishi, Otis, Schindler and TKL, from June 1 1999 (in the case of Otis and ThyssenKrupp from April 15 1998 and in the case of Mitsubishi from January 11 2000) until March 5 2004 they:
( a) Colluded to allocate public and private tenders, as well as other contracts, concerning the sale and installation of elevators and escalators. This included exchanging information on prices and agreeing on how to bid for tenders and contracts;
( b) Colluded not to compete with each other for maintenance contracts for elevators and escalators already in service. This included exchanging information on customers and prices and agreeing on how to bid for tenders and contracts; and
( c) Colluded not to compete with each other for modernization contracts. This included exchanging information on customers and agreeing on prices and agreeing on how to bid on tenders and contracts.
(560) To conclude, in line with the case law cited in Section 13.2.2.1, the behaviour of the undertakings concerned can be characterized for the NEB and/or SEB sectors in Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands as complex infringements consisting of various actions which can either be classified as agreements or concerted practices, by virtue of which the cartel participants knowingly substituted practical cooperation between them for the risks of competition. Furthermore, the Commission considers, on the basis of the same case law, that the undertakings in such concertation must have taken into account the information exchanged between them in determining their own conduct on the market, all the more so because the concertation occurred on a regular basis and over a long period.
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13.2.2.3.Principles concerning single and continuous infringements
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(563) Although a cartel is a joint enterprise, each participant may play its own particular role. Some participants may have a more dominant role than others. Internal conflicts and rivalries, or even cheating may occur, but that will not prevent the arrangement from constituting an agreement and/or concerted practice for the purposes of Article 81(1) of the Treaty where there is a single common and continuing objective.
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13.2.2.4.Application in this case
(565) The unlawful agreements and concerted practices found to exist in each Member State formed part of schemes to restrict the undertakings' individual commercial conduct with clear anticompetitive object. This object was to distort the normal movement of prices and services in each national elevator and escalator sector and to restrict competition with regard to the sale, installation, maintenance and modernization of elevators and escalators by allocating projects and customers. It would be artificial to split up such continuous conduct, characterized by a single purpose, by treating it as consisting of several separate infringements in each Member State. In each Member State a single, continuous infringement of Article 81 of the Treaty was committed, which manifested itself by way of unlawful agreements and concerted practices. The main forms of such conduct in the four Member States concerned is set out in recitals (143) to (151), (225) to (229), (255) to (261), (292) to (300) and (375) to (384).
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(571)
In the Netherlands:As was demonstrated throughout Section 12, KONE, Mitsubishi, Otis, Schindler and ThyssenKrupp had a joint intention to allocate projects for new elevators and escalators and for service and modernization contracts. During the infringement, the meeting participants were employees at high managerial level with responsibility over both elevator and escalator business. The parties adhered to a common plan to limit their individual commercial conduct with respect to their bidding behaviour for tenders for new elevators and escalators, as well as for maintenance and modernisation contracts, with a view to eliminating competition between them. These complex, collusive arrangements constitute one single and continuous infringement.
(572) This conclusion is not affected by statements made by Otis and ThyssenKrupp that the collusion was of an ad hoc nature only. To the contrary, according to the Commission's findings, the instances in which allocation took place should not be seen in isolation but rather as forming part of a broader plan. Such a broader plan allowed employees of the undertakings to enter into discussions on the allocation of specific projects on a regular basis. It also allowed them to make sure that prices would not come under pressure through price competition on specific projects. Whether or not a particular undertaking was involved in the discussions concerning the allocation of a particular project depended on the individual circumstances of the undertaking and its position on the market. But the principle that such allocation could take place and the arrangements governing the allocation were known to all cartel members. In fact, the undertakings concerned entered into anticompetitive agreements with a view to sharing the market and fix prices, without publicly distancing themselves from the content of such agreements or reporting them to the administrative authorities. This effectively facilitated the continuation of the infringement and avoided its discovery by the administrative authorities. Therefore, all undertakings that participated in the cartel in the Netherlands must be held responsible for the overall cartel, in accordance with the principles of the case law cited in Section 13.2.2.3.
(573) The plan, which was subscribed to by KONE, Mitsubishi, Otis, Schindler and ThyssenKrupp, was developed and implemented over a period of at least five years, through complex agreements and/or concerted practices, pursuing the same common objective of restricting competition between them. In order to facilitate the collusion on individual projects, there were mechanisms in place determining the organization and location of meetings. There were rules in place deciding who could participate in the discussions. Furthermore, specific rules and practices had been developed for the allocation of projects for the new installation of elevators and escalators on the one hand and service and modernization projects on the other hand. The collusion on individual projects was thus embedded in a system of established practices, explicit and implicit arrangements, and unwritten rules guiding the allocation process.
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13.2.3.Restriction of competition
13.2.3.1.0bject
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(576) These are the essential characteristics of the horizontal arrangements under consideration in this case. Price being the main instrument of competition, the various collusive arrangements and mechanisms adopted by the suppliers were all ultimately aimed at inflating prices, to the benefit of the undertakings involved, and to a higher level than that which would have been determined by conditions of free competition. By dividing markets and customers, the undertakings did not compete for market shares and customers and succeeded in manipulating the market price and output as well as the structure of competition in the segments for sale and installation, maintenance and modernization of elevators and escalators. By their very nature sharing markets and customers and fixing prices restrict competition within the meaning of Article 81(1) of the Treaty.
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(583) In this case, it has been demonstrated that the parties' behaviour served to attain the single objective of restricting price competition and enabled them to adapt their pricing strategy to the information received from other parties. It is also apparent that the aim of the parties was to ensure the stability of prices and market shares in all four Member States. […]
13.2.3.2. Effect
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(588) These arguments must be rejected. It is settled case law that where an undertaking enters into anticompetitive agreements relating to certain products or services on a given market, it is practically impossible to determine how it would have behaved on the market in question in the absence of the anticompetitive agreement. Indeed, it is demonstrated in recitals (391) to (397) and (403) to (471) that the competitors had prior contacts to agree on the winning bid, showing the clear anticompetitive object of the arrangements, which can be assumed to have had an impact on the behaviour of the undertakings in the tender procedures. In addition, although the mechanism in the Netherlands may have ensured that the most interested bidder would obtain the contract, it aimed precisely at pre-allocating the project without the cartel members having to engage in competitive bidding in the adjudication process, for example a second bidding round. In the circumstances of this case, [**] the [**] cartel participants themselves prevented an adequate assessment of the extent of the obstacles to trade and, therefore, it is not possible to take account of those obstacles when assessing the market impact of the infringement.
(589) In general, whilst the anticompetitive object of the cartels is sufficient to support the conclusion that Article 81(1) of the Treaty applies in this case, there is a high likelihood that the parties' unlawful behaviour in Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands actually have resulted in anticompetitive effects. This and the arguments the parties in relation to this are discussed in recitals (660) to (669).
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13.6.1.1.Nature of the infringements
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The actual impact of the infringements
(660) In this case, the Commission did not attempt to demonstrate the precise effects of the infringement since it is impossible to determine with sufficient certainty the relevant competitive parameters (price, commercial terms, quality, innovation, and others) in the absence of the infringements. However it is obvious that the infringements did have an actual impact. The fact that the various anticompetitive arrangements were implemented by the cartel participants in itself suggests an impact on the market, even if the actual effect is difficult to measure, because it is, in particular, not known if and how many other projects were subject to bid-rigging, nor how many projects may have been subject to allocation between cartel members without there being a need for contacts between them. The high aggregate market shares of the cartel participants make anticompetitive effects appear likely and the relative stability of these market shares throughout the duration of the infringements would confirm these effects.
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(667) As regards the Netherlands, Schindler argued that the illegal contacts between the competitors did not cause price increases on the market and only a limited proportion of the projects were allocated, whilst competition remained between the cartel members. ThyssenKrupp and Mitsubishi asserted that their actual economic power to restrict competition on the market was limited in view of their size. In its reply to the Statement of Objections, KONE argued that the illegal arrangements concerned only a few projects and had therefore very little impact on the market. [**] KONE also stated that the unlawful arrangements occurred on an ad-hoc basis, without a systematic and comprehensive scheme which could have influenced prices or customer allocation and neither coercion nor compensation mechanisms were in place. The exchange of bid prices and/or the allocation of a project occurred after the parties had submitted their individual bids to customers. KONE further suggested that "the prices have been at a competitive level and that the collusion has therefore not had any impact on the market". In addition, KONE claimed that its "contribution to the collusion" was limited because it did not participate in agreements relating to all the projects mentioned in the Statement of Objections. Therefore, the infringement in the Netherlands should be classified as "serious" rather than "very serious" for the purpose of calculating the fines.
(668) The fact that the arrangements allegedly occurred on an ad hoc basis or that individual cartel members did not participate in certain projects (referred to by the Commission as mere examples based on information provided by undertakings under the Leniency Notice), does not affect the observation that the Dutch cartel was a complex, single and continuous infringement, nor that the overall infringement was very serious. In fact the circumstances of this case make it almost impossible to measure the extent of the obstacles to trade and, therefore, to take account of those obstacles in assessing the impact of the infringement on the market.
(669) In conclusion, the parties' arguments cannot serve to demonstrate that the cartels were ineffective in freezing market shares and fixing prices in the elevators and escalators market. It remains undisputed that the unlawful arrangements had market effects, which KONE and Otis implicitly admit by stating that these arrangements "were often not implemented", or "were rarely fully implemented and some degree of competition was in some cases still taking place". Furthermore, the fact that the results sought were on occasion not entirely achieved (for example, market shares or prices decreased or fluctuated), or that the unlawful agreements were not always honoured, may illustrate the difficulties encountered by the parties in allocating and freezing market shares, but it does not prove that the cartel had no effect on the market. As confirmed by case law, factors relating to the aspect demonstrating the intention and thus to the object of a course of conduct, may be more significant than those relating to its effects, in particular where they relate to infringements which are very serious, such as price-fixing and market-sharing.
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"HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:
Article 1
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(4) In respect of the Netherlands, the following undertakings have infringed Article 81 of the Treaty by regularly agreeing collectively, for the periods indicated, in the context of related national agreements and concerted practices concerning elevators and escalators to share markets, allocate public and private tenders and other contracts in accordance with the pre-agreed shares for the sale and installation and to refrain from competing with each other for maintenance and modernization contracts:
- KONE: Kone Corporation and KONE B.V. Liften en Roltrappen: from June 1 1999 to March 5 2004;
- Otis: United Technologies Corporation, Otis Elevator Company and Otis B.V.: from April 15 1998 to March 5 2004;
- Schindler: Schindler Holding Ltd and Schindler Liften B.V.: June 1 1999 to March 5 2004;
- ThyssenKrupp: ThyssenKrupp AG and ThyssenKrupp Liften B.V.: from April 15 1998 to March 5 2004 and
- Mitsubishi Elevator Europe B.V.: from January 11 2000 to March 5 2004."