Uitspraak
RECHTBANK AMSTERDAM
1.De procedure
- het vonnis in incident van 25 maart 2015, waarbij onder meer Equilib I en Equilib II zijn gevoegd, met de daarin genoemde processtukken;
- het vonnis van 22 juli 2015 met beslissingen over het verdere verloop van de procedure, met de daarin genoemde processtukken;
- de conclusie van repliek van 4 november 2015, tevens akte vermeerdering eis, met producties;
- de akte vermeerdering eis van 11 november 2015;
- de akte van depot van Equilib van 24 maart 2016;
- de conclusies van dupliek van 30 maart 2016 van de luchtvaartmaatschappijen, met producties;
- het proces-verbaal van de regiezitting van 22 juni 2016, met de daarin genoemde (proces)stukken;
- de akte overlegging gegevens en vermeerdering eis van 9 november 2016, met producties;
- de antwoordakten, tevens antwoord vermeerdering eis, van de luchtvaartmaatschappijen van 8 februari 2017, met producties;
- de antwoordakte rechtsgeldigheid cessies van 5 april 2017 van Equilib, met producties;
- het proces-verbaal van pleidooi van 11 mei 2017, met de daarin genoemde (proces)stukken;
- de e-mail van 26 juni 2017 van Equilib, met opmerkingen op het proces-verbaal;
- de e-mail van 27 juni 2017 van de luchtvaartmaatschappijen, met opmerkingen op het proces-verbaal.
2.De feiten
- i) de cessieovereenkomsten/leveringsakten (“hoofdovereenkomsten”) tussen enerzijds de cedenten (shipper en/of moedermaatschappij van een dochtermaatschappij die als shipper luchtvrachtdiensten heeft afgenomen) en anderzijds Equilib (Assignment of Rights Agreements),
- ii) de overeenkomsten tussen de dochtermaatschappijen, de moedermaatschappijen en Equilib (Intragroup Assignment and Mandate Agreements),
- iii) de leveringsakten tussen de dochtermaatschappijen en de moedermaatschappijen (Assignments from Subsidiary to Parent),
- iv) de leveringsakten tussen de moedermaatschappijen en Equilib (Assignments from Parent to Equilib),
- v) de cessieovereenkomsten/leveringsakten tussen een aantal shippers en Equilib (Supplementary Assignment of Rights Agreements) waarin de eerdere cessies worden bevestigd en waarbij is beoogd vorderingen uit de periode december 1999 en/of vorderingen uit de periode tussen 15 februari 2006 en eind 2008 over te dragen.
WHEREAS
Airlines”) for allegedly having taken part between 2000 and 2007 (the “
Cartel Period”) in a cartel which fixed prices, surcharges and levies in relation to international air freight services provided by the Airlines from and to member states of the European Union and other countries (the “
Cartel”).
Overcharge”.
Losses”). The Airlines are jointly and severally liable for the Losses.
Rights”) against all or any of the Airlines which have partaken in the Cartel in breach of competition law. Depending upon where, when and how the Losses were incurred, these Rights may be of different nature, legal status and time limitations.
Accessory Rights”).
Assignment”) to Equilib on the terms and conditions of this Agreement, in order for Equilib to resolve the Rights through either an action for damages or a settlement. Equilib will, subject to the terms of this Agreement, bear all the costs and risks of resolving and enforcing the Rights assigned to it. In consideration for the Assignment, Equilib undertakes to pay to the Claimant a share of any payment that may be made by the Airlines to Equilib in relation to
Buy-Back Option”) in accordance with clause 8.2 below.
WHEREAS
EC”) announced that it had completed investigations into a worldwide cartel (“
the Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14ͭ ͪ February 2006 (the “
Cartel Period”). 14 airlines (the “
Airlines”) were found to have illegally fixed fuel and security surcharges on all shipments and the EC imposed fines totalling €799m.
Overcharge”.
Losses”). The Airlines are jointly and severally liable for the Losses.
Rights”) against all or any of the Airlines which have partaken in the Cartel in breach of competition law. Depending upon where, when and how the Losses were incurred, these Rights may be of different nature, legal status and time limitations.
Accessory Rights”).
Assignment”) to Equilib on the terms and conditions of this Agreement, in order for Equilib to resolve the Rights through either an action for damages or a settlement.
Equilib will, subject to the terms of this Agreement, bear all the costs and risks of resolving and enforcing the Rights assigned to it.In consideration for the Assignment, Equilib undertakes to pay to the Claimant a share of any payment that may be made by the Airlines to Equilib in relation to
Buy-Back Option”) in accordance with clause 8.2 below.
WHEREAS
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14th February 2006 (the “
Cartel Period”) finding 14 Airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (the “
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
Overcharge”.
Umbrella Effects”).
Post-Cartel Period”).
Losses”). The Airlines are jointly and severally liable for the Losses.
Rights”) against all or any of the Airlines which have partaken in the Cartel in breach of competition law. The Rights may differ including in respect of applicable law, their legal status and the applicable limitation periods.
Accessory Rights”). (…)
Assignment”) to Equilib on the terms and conditions of this Agreement, in order for Equilib to resolve the Rights through either an action for damages or a settlement. Equilib will, subject to the terms of this Agreement, bear all the costs and risks of resolving and enforcing the Rights assigned to it. In consideration for the Assignment, Equilib undertakes to pay to the Claimant a share of any payment that may be made by the Airlines to Equilib in relation to the Rights.
Buy-Back Option”) in accordance with clause 8.2 below.
(cederen)claims of its own similar to the Subsidiary’s Claims (“the Parent’s Claims”) to Equilib;
(“last”)under Articles 7:414 (…) Dutch Civil Code to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims.
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14th February 2006 (the “
Cartel Period”) finding 14 Airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (“the
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
Overcharge”.
Umbrella Effects”).
Post-Cartel Period”).
Losses”). The Airlines are jointly and severally liable for the Losses.
Rights”) against all or any of the Airlines which have partaken in the Carel in breach of competition law. The Rights may differ including in respect of applicable law, their legal status and the applicable limitation periods.
Accessory Rights”). The Rights and the Accessory Rights are hereinafter together referred to as the “
Subsidiary’s Claims”.
(cederen)claims of its own similar to the Subsidiary’s Claims (“the Parent’s Claims”) to Equilib; that same agreement contains the actual assignment of the Parent’s Claims to Equilib;
doorcederen) these claims to Equilib. Equilib wishes to agree to acquire these claims and accept the assignment thereof. (…)
(“last”)under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims.
doorcederen) of our claims (“the Claims”) by you to Equilib, we hereby assign (
cederen) to you our Claims against certain airlines which are believed to include, but are not limited to KLM, Martinair, British Airways, Air France, Asiana, Cargolux, Cathay Pacific, El Al, Japan Air Lines, Korean Airlines, LAN Cargo, Aerolinhas Brasileiras, Nippon Cargo Airlines, Qantas, SAS and Lufthansa (“the Airlines”).
gecedeerd) to you our Claims concerning the aforementioned damages.
doorcederen) of our claims (“the Claims”) by you to Equilib Netherlands B.V., we hereby assign (
cederen) to you our Claims against certain airlines which are believed to include, but are not limited to Air Canada, Air France, British Airways, Cargolux, Cathay Pacific Airways, Japan Airlines, KLM Airlines, LAN Chile, Lufthansa, Martinair, Qantas, SAS, Singapore Airlines and Swiss International Air Lines. (“the Airlines”).
gecedeerd) to you our Claims concerning the aforementioned damages.
doorcederen) of the Subsidiary’s Claims by Parent to Equilib Netherlands B.V.
cederen) to Parent the Subsidiary’s Claims and Parent hereby accepts the assignment of the Subsidiary’s Claims.
gecedeerd) to Parent Company their claims to the aforementioned damages (“the Subsidiaries’Claims”);
doorcederen) the Subsidiaries’ Claims to Assignee;
gecedeerd) to Parent Company their claims to the aforementioned damages (“the Subsidiaries’ Claims”);
doorcederen) the Subsidiaries’ Claims to Assignee;
Agreements”) inter alia provide for the sale and assignment of the Subsidiary’s Claims (as defined therein) by the subsidiaries to Parent and the subsequent sale and reassignment (
doorcederen) by Parent to Equilib of the Subsidiary’s Claims.
cederen) to Equilib the Subsidiary’s Claims.
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14ͭ ͪ February 2006 (the “
Cartel Period”) finding 14 Airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (“the
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
Company’s Claims”).
Post-Cartel Period”). The Company has directly or indirectly (through freight forwarders) purchased air cargo services in the Post-Cartel Period (for inbound to, outbound from and internal flights within the EEA and Switzerland), and thus, as a result of the lingering effects of the Cartel Conduct, may have incurred further damages, for which the Company holds the Airlines both individually and jointly and severally liable. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from the Company vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post-Cartel Company Claims”.
Last”) under Articles 7:414 (…) Dutch Civil Code, granted by it to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Company’s Claims and to supplement this mandate with the mandate to Equilib to perform all that is legally necessary or desirable in order to find compensation for the Post-Cartel Company Claims, including, but not limited to, interrupting the applicable limitation period and the filing of proceedings;
Last”) under Articles 7:414 (…) Dutch Civil Code, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Company’s Claims.
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14ͭ ͪ February 2006 (the “
Cartel Period”) finding 14 airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (“the
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
e. Pursuant to the Assignment from Parent to Equilib, concluded on (…), the Parent has (re)assigned the Subsidiary’s Claims to Equilib.
Parent’s Claims”).
g. The Subsidiary’s Claims and the Parent’s Claims form part of proceedings between Equilib and several members of the Cartel before the District Court of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Post-Cartel Period”). Parent and Subsidiary/Subsidiaries have directly or indirectly (through freight forwarders) purchased air cargo services in the Post-Cartel Period (for inbound to, outbound from and internal flights within the EEA), and thus, as a result of the lingering effects of the Cartel Conduct, may have incurred further damages, for which the Parent and the Subsidiary/Subsidiaries hold the Airlines both individually and jointly and severally liable. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from Parent vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post-Cartel Parent’s Claims”. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from Subsidiary/Subsidiaries vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post Cartel Subsidiary’s Claims”.
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code, granted by Subsidiary/Subsidiaries to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims and to supplement this mandate with the mandate to Equilib to perform all that is legally necessary or desirable in order to find compensation for the Post-Cartel Subsidiary’s Claims, including, but not limited to, interrupting the applicable limitation period and the filing of proceedings;
Agreement”) is governed by Dutch law; for this reason all assignments laid down in this Agreement are in accordance with Dutch law, more specifically in accordance with Article 3:94 (1) Dutch Civil Code;
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code, granted by Subsidiary/Subsidiaries to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14ͭ ͪ February 2006 (the “
Cartel Period”) finding 14 airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (the “
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
Company’s Claims”).
Post-Cartel Period”). The Company has directly or indirectly (through freight forwarders) purchased air cargo services in the Post-Cartel Period (for inbound to, outbound from and internal flights within the EEA and Switzerland), and thus, as a result of the lingering effects of the Cartel Conduct, may have incurred further damages, for which the Company holds the Airlines both individually and jointly and severally liable. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from the Company vis-à-vis the Airlines in 2008 are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post-Cartel Company Claims”.
December 1999 Company Claims”);
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code to Equilib to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Company’s Claims and to supplement this mandate with the mandate to Equilib to perform all that is legally necessary or desirable in order to find compensation for the Post-Cartel Company Claims and the December 1999 Company Claims, including, but not limited to, interrupting the applicable limitation period and the filing of proceedings;
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14ͭ ͪ February 2006 (“the
Cartel Period”) finding 14 airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (“the
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
Parent’s Claims”).
g. The Subsidiary’s Claims and the Parent’s Claims form part of proceedings between Equilib and several members of the Cartel before the District Court of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Post-Cartel Period”). Parent and Subsidiary/Subsidiaries have directly or indirectly (through freight forwarders) purchased air cargo services in the Post-Cartel Period (for inbound to, outbound from and internal flights within the EEA), and thus, as a result of the lingering effects of the Cartel Conduct, may have incurred further damages, for which the Parent and Subsidiary/Subsidiaries hold the Airlines both individually, and jointly and severally liable. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from Parent vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post-Cartel Parent’s Claims”. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from Subsidiary/Subsidiaries vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post Cartel Subsidiary’s Claims”.
December 1999 Subsidiary Claims”);
December 1999 Parent Claims”), taking into account the same terms and conditions as set out in the Assignment of Rights Agreement as mentioned under recital f of this preamble;
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code, granted by Subsidiary/Subsidiaries to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims and to supplement this mandate with the mandate to Equilib to perform all that is legally necessary or desirable in order to find compensation for the Post-Cartel Subsidiary’s Claims and the December 1999 Subsidiary Claims, including, but not limited to, interrupting the applicable limitation period and the filing of proceedings; (…)
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code, granted by Subsidiary/Subsidiaries to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims.
Decision”) in respect of a cartel (the “
Cartel”) affecting air cargo services within the European Economic Area between December 1999 and the 14ͭ ͪ February 2006 (“the
Cartel Period”) finding 14 airlines (the “
Airlines”) guilty of illegal fixing of fuel and security surcharges (“the
Cartel Conduct”). (…)
December 1999 Subsidiary Claims”).
Parent’s Claims”).
Post-Cartel Period”). Parent and Subsidiary/Subsidiaries have directly or indirectly (through freight forwarders) purchased air cargo services in the Post-Cartel Period (for inbound to, outbound from and internal flights within the EEA), and thus, as a result of the lingering effects of the Cartel Conduct, may have incurred further damages, for which the Parent and the Subsidiary/Subsidiaries hold the Airlines both individually and jointly and severally liable. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from Parent vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post-Cartel Parent’s Claims”. Any Post-Cartel Period claims from Subsidiary’s/Subsidiaries vis-à-vis the Airlines are hereinafter referred to as the “
Post Cartel Subsidiary’s Claims”.
December 1999 Parent Claims”), taking into account the same terms and conditions as set out in the Assignment of Rights Agreement as mentioned under recital f of this preamble;
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code, granted by Subsidiary/Subsidiaries to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims and to supplement this mandate with the mandate to Equilib to perform all that is legally necessary or desirable in order to find compensation for the Post-Cartel Subsidiary’s Claims, including, but not limited to, interrupting the applicable limitation period and the filing of proceedings;
Last”) under Articles 7:414 Dutch Civil Code, granted by Subsidiary/Subsidiaries to Equilib, to do all that is deemed legally necessary or desirable to find compensation for the Subsidiary’s Claims
Statement
- Supplementary assignment of rights agreement between Equilib, Unilever PLC/Unilever N.V. and Unilever Jerónimo Martins LDA.
- Assignment from subsidiary to parent between Unilever PLC/Unilever N.V. and Unilever Jerónimo Martins LDA.
- Intragroup assignment and mandate agreement between Equilib, Unilever PLC/Unilever N.V. and Unilever Jerónimo Martins LDA.”
3.Het geschil
4.De beoordeling
Kone). In kartelschadezaken is het voor individuele benadeelden vaak lastig om hun schadevergoedingsvorderingen daadwerkelijk te gelde te maken. Een bundeling van dergelijke vorderingen via cessie aan een ‘litigation vehicle’ is dan ook een legitiem middel om tot een efficiënte afwikkeling van kartelschade te komen, zoals inmiddels ook volgt uit Richtlijn 2014/104/EU van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 26 november 2014 betreffende bepaalde regels voor schadevorderingen volgens nationaal recht wegens inbreuken op de bepalingen van het mededingingsrecht van de lidstaten en van de Europese Unie, Publicatieblad van de Europese Unie 5 december 2014, L 349/1 (de Kartelschaderichtlijn). Anders dan de luchtvaartmaatschappijen betogen, loopt Equilib wel degelijk een eigen risico bij het voeren van deze procedure, namelijk het risico om in de proceskosten te worden veroordeeld. De advocaat van Equilib heeft overigens bij pleidooi verklaard dat Equilib ter voldoening van een eventuele proceskostenveroordeling € 200.000 op de derdengeldrekening van zijn kantoor heeft gestort. Ook het feit dat de cessieovereen-komst trekken heeft van ‘no cure no pay’ maakt op zichzelf niet dat deze in strijd is met de openbare orde of goede zeden; anders dan (bijvoorbeeld) advocaten is Equilib niet gebonden aan normen die daaraan in de weg zouden staan.
cederen) claims of its own similar to the Subsidiary’s Claims (“the Parent’s Claims”) to Equilib;
5.De beslissing
25 oktober 2017voor de akte(s) als bedoeld onder 4.33,