42. The Court reiterates that in criminal matters, Article 6 of the Convention comes into play as soon as a person is “charged”; this may occur on a date prior to the case coming before the trial court, such as the date of arrest, the date when the person concerned was officially notified that he would be prosecuted or the date when preliminary investigations were opened (see Eckle v. Germany, 15 July 1982, § 73, Series A no. 51, and more recently, O'Halloran and Francis v. the United Kingdom [GC], nos. 15809/02 and 25624/02, § 35, ECHR 2007- ...). “Charge”, for the purposes of Article 6 § 1, may be defined as “the official notification given to an individual by the competent authority of an allegation that he has committed a criminal offence”, a definition that also corresponds to the test whether “the situation of the [person] has been substantially affected” (see Shabelnik v. Ukraine, no. 16404/03, § 57, 19 February 2009; Deweer v. Belgium, 27 February 1980, § 46, Series A no. 35; and Saunders v. the United Kingdom, 17 December 1996, §§67 and 74, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-VI). Given the context of the road check and the applicant's inability to produce any proof of the diesel purchase at the moment of his questioning by the police, the Court considers that there should have been a suspicion of theft against the applicant at that moment.”
10. Uit voormeld arrest van het EHRM leidt de steller van het middel af dat op het moment dat de verdenking van een strafbaar feit ontstaat, de cautie niet achterwege mag blijven.
11. Het genoemde arrest van het EHRM versterkt niet het beroep op de stelling dat een vordering tot uitlevering zou moeten worden opgevat als de vraag of degene aan wie de vordering wordt gedaan zich op dat moment schuldig maakt aan het vervoer van verdovende middelen. Aan Zaichenko was wel degelijk de cautie gegeven nadat hij in de auto waarmee hij onderweg naar huis was door de politie werd staande gehouden voordat hem werd gevraagd naar de herkomst van benzine die in twee blikken in zijn auto waren aangetroffen, waarna hij verklaarde dat hij de benzine had overgeheveld uit een bedrijfswagen.
12. Met betrekking tot het recht om niet zichzelf te belasten en het zwijgrecht, overwoog het EHRM in de zaak Zaichenko t. Rusland nog het volgende:
“52. Concerning the privilege against self-incrimination and the right to remain silent, the Court has already held that the circumstances of the case disclosed the existence of a suspicion of theft against the applicant after he had failed to prove the fuel purchase (see paragraph 42 above). It is not without relevance in that connection that when putting in writing the applicant's “explanations”, officer B considered it necessary to apprise him of the privilege against self-incrimination. In the Court's opinion, this fact also gives credence to the argument suggesting that already at that time the authorities suspected the applicant of theft. The Convention is intended to guarantee rights that are practical and effective […]. The Court considers that in the circumstances of the case it was incumbent on the police to inform the applicant of the privilege against self-incrimination and the right to remain silent.
53. The Court notes that the Government maintained that the applicant had waived his right not to testify against himself. The applicant did not dispute this. It is true that in accordance with Article 51 of the Constitution the applicant was told that he was not obliged to give evidence against himself […]. Although it has not been alleged that the above warning was in any way insufficient, Court notes that the applicant was apprised of the right to remain silent after he had already made a self-incriminating statement in the inspection record indicating that he had poured out the diesel from the company's premises.
54. Bearing in mind the concept of fairness in Article 6, the Court considers that the right not to incriminate oneself cannot reasonably be confined to statements of admission of wrongdoing or to remarks which are directly incriminating […]. Testimony obtained under compulsion which appears on its face to be of a non-incriminating nature - such as exculpatory remarks or mere information on questions of fact - may later be deployed in criminal proceedings in support of the prosecution case, for example to contradict or cast doubt upon other statements of the accused or evidence given by him during the trial or to otherwise undermine his credibility (ibid).
55. The Court considers that being in a rather stressful situation and given the relatively quick sequence of the events, it was unlikely that the applicant could reasonably appreciate without a proper notice the consequences of his being questioned in proceedings which then formed basis for his prosecution for a criminal offence of theft. Consequently, the Court is not satisfied that the applicant validly waived the privilege against self-incrimination before or during the drawing of the inspection record. Moreover, given the weight accorded to the applicant's admission at the trial, the Court does not need to determine the validity of the applicant's subsequent waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination in the ‘Explanations’, which derived from his earlier admission”