Uitspraak
RECHTBANK DEN HAAG
uitspraak van de enkelvoudige kamer in de zaak tussen
[eiseres] ,
de Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid, verweerder.
Procesverloop
Overwegingen
Gronden van vervolging
1. Bij de beoordeling van de gronden van vervolging houden de lidstaten rekening met de volgende elementen:
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80. Holding political opinions different from those of the Government is not in itself a ground for claiming refugee status, and an applicant must show that he has a fear of persecution for holding such opinions. This presupposes that the applicant holds opinions not tolerated by the authorities, which are critical of their policies or methods. It also presupposes that such opinions have come to the notice of the authorities or are attributed by them to the applicant. The political opinions of a teacher or writer may be more manifest than those of a person in a less exposed position. The relative importance or tenacity of the applicant’s opinions – in so far as this can be established from all the circumstances of the case – will also be relevant.
81. While the definition speaks of persecution “for reasons of political opinion” it may not always be possible to establish a causal link between the opinion expressed and the related measures suffered or feared by the applicant. Such measures have only rarely been based expressly on “opinion”. More frequently, such measures take the form of sanctions for alleged criminal acts against the ruling power. It will, therefore, be necessary to establish the applicant’s political opinion, which is at the root of his behaviour, and the fact that it has led or may lead to the persecution that he claims to fear.
82. As indicated above, persecution “for reasons of political opinion” implies that an applicant holds an opinion that either has been expressed or has come to the attention of the authorities. There may, however, also be situations in which the applicant has not given any expression to his opinions. Due to the strength of his convictions, however, it may be reasonable to assume that his opinions will sooner or later find expression and that the applicant will, as a result, come into conflict with the authorities. Where this can reasonably be assumed, the applicant can be considered to have fear of persecution for reasons of political opinion.
83. An applicant claiming fear of persecution because of political opinion need not show that the authorities of his country of origin knew of his opinions before he left the country. He may have concealed his political opinion and never have suffered any discrimination or persecution. However, the mere fact of refusing to avail himself of the protection of his Government, or a refusal to return, may disclose the applicant’s true state of mind and give rise to fear of persecution. In such circumstances the test of well founded fear would be based on an assessment of the consequences that an applicant having certain political dispositions would have to face if he returned. This applies particularly to the so called refugee “sur place”.
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vóórdatwordt geduid welke verschijningsvorm van ernstige schade met deze elementen kan worden onderbouwd. In de nationale rechtspraktijk wordt thans eerst bepaald welke verschijningsvorm van ernstige schade wordt gevreesd voordat de relevante elementen worden beoordeeld. In het geval van eiseres zou dit kunnen leiden tot de conclusie dat zij niet in aanmerking zou kunnen komen voor subsidiaire bescherming. Indien echter persoonlijke omstandigheden die verderstrekkend zijn dan het individualiseringsvereiste moeten worden betrokken bij de beoordeling van 15c Kwalificatierichtlijn en de glijdende schaal niet alleen bij artikel 15c Kwalificatierichtlijn, maar ook bij artikel 15b Kwalificatierichtlijn zou moeten worden toegepast, zou de beoordeling van aanspraken op subsidiaire bescherming wellicht anders uitvallen.
Beslissing
- verklaart het beroep gegrond;
- vernietigt het bestreden besluit;
- draagt verweerder op binnen zes weken na heden een beslissing te nemen op de aanvraag van eiseres met inachtneming van deze uitspraak;
- veroordeelt verweerder in de proceskosten van eiser tot een bedrag van € 1.518,-.