Uitspraak
RECHTBANK DEN HAAG
[eiser] ,
eiser,
[naam 1],
geboren op [geboortedatum 2]
[naam 2],
geboren op [geboortedatum 3] ,
allen van onbekende nationaliteit,
de staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie, verweerder,
Procesverloop
Overwegingen
“Indien meerdere gezinsleden en/of minderjarige ongehuwde broers of zussen in dezelfde lidstaat gelijktijdig of met dusdanig korte tussenpozen een verzoek om internationale bescherming indienen dat de procedures waarbij de verantwoordelijke lidstaat wordt bepaald allemaal tegelijk kunnen worden afgewikkeld, en indien de toepassing van de criteria van deze verordening tot gevolg zou hebben dat de betrokkenen van elkaar worden gescheiden, wordt de verantwoordelijke lidstaat aangewezen op grond van de volgende bepalingen:
Indien de overdracht uit hoofde van dit lid niet kan geschieden aan een op grond van de criteria van hoofdstuk III aangewezen lidstaat of aan de eerste lidstaat waar het verzoek werd ingediend, wordt de lidstaat die met het bepalen van de verantwoordelijke lidstaat is belast, de verantwoordelijke lidstaat.”
“In afwijking van artikel 3, lid 1, kan elke lidstaat besluiten een bij hem ingediend verzoek om internationale bescherming van een onderdaan van een derde land of een staatloze te behandelen, ook al is hij daartoe op grond van de in deze verordening neergelegde criteria niet verplicht.”
AIDA-rapport van maart 2013, laatstelijk geupdated in februari 2015:
“Asylum seekers living in Open Centres experience difficulties in securing an adequate standard of living. The daily allowance provided is barely sufficient to provide for the most basic of needs, and the lack of access to social welfare support exacerbates these difficulties. Social security policy and legislation precludes asylum seekers from social welfare benefits, except those benefits which are defined as ‘contributory’. With contributory benefits entitlement is based on payment of a set number of contributions and on meeting the qualifying conditions, which effectively implies that only a tiny number of asylum seekers would qualify for such benefits, if any.( …)
(…)
Overall, the living conditions in open centres, save for a few exceptions, are extremely challenging. Low hygiene levels, severe over-crowding, lack of physical security, location of most centres in a remote area of Malta, poor material structures and occasional infestation of rats are the main general concerns expressed in relation to the open centres.”
“The general living conditions in these centres have improved, but some facilities remain rudimentary and are often overcrowded.”
“Overcrowding persisted at the country’s largest migrant open housing center in Marsa. Friable asbestos was present in one of the common areas. In other centers high temperature in the summer months and inadequate ventilation in prefabricated housing units contributed to uncomfortable living conditions.”
“99. With more specific reference to minors, the Court has established that it is important to bear in mind that the child’s extreme vulnerability is the decisive factor and takes precedence over considerations relating to the status of illegal immigrant (see Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium, no. 13178/03, § 55, ECHR 2006‑XI, and Popov v. France, nos. 39472/07 and 39474/07, § 91, 19 January 2012). Children have specific needs that are related in particular to their age and lack of independence, but also to their asylum-seeker status. The Court has also observed that the Convention on the Rights of the Child encourages States to take the appropriate measures to ensure that a child who is seeking to obtain refugee status enjoys protection and humanitarian assistance, whether the child is alone or accompanied by his or her parents (see to this effect Popov, cited above, § 91).(…)100. The applicants argued in substance that if they were returned to Italy “in the absence of individual guarantees concerning their care” they would be subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment linked to the existence of “systemic deficiencies” in the reception arrangements for asylum seekers.(…)115. While the structure and overall situation of the reception arrangements in Italy cannot therefore in themselves act as a bar to all removals of asylum seekers to that country, the data and information set out above nevertheless raise serious doubts as to the current capacities of the system. Accordingly, in the Court’s view, the possibility that a significant number of asylum seekers may be left without accommodation or accommodated in overcrowded facilities without any privacy, or even in insalubrious or violent conditions, cannot be dismissed as unfounded.116. As regards the applicants’ individual situation, the Court notes that, according to the findings of the Italian police and the identification forms annexed to the observations of the Italian Government, the couple and their five oldest children landed on the coast of Calabria on 16 July 2011 and were immediately subjected to an identification procedure, having supplied a false identity. The same day, the applicants were placed in a reception facility provided by the municipal authorities of Stignano, where they remained until 26 July 2011. On that date, once their true identity had been established, they were transferred to the CARA in Bari. They left that centre without permission on 28 July 2011, bound for an unknown destination.(…)118. The Court reiterates that to fall within the scope of Article 3 the ill‑treatment must attain a minimum level of severity. The assessment of this minimum is relative; it depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the duration of the treatment and its physical or mental effects and, in some instances, the sex, age and state of health of the victim (see paragraph 94 above). It further reiterates that, as a “particularly underprivileged and vulnerable” population group, asylum seekers require “special protection” under that provision (see M.S.S., cited above, § 251).119. This requirement of “special protection” of asylum seekers is particularly important when the persons concerned are children, in view of their specific needs and their extreme vulnerability. This applies even when, as in the present case, the children seeking asylum are accompanied by their parents (see Popov, cited above, § 91). Accordingly, the reception conditions for children seeking asylum must be adapted to their age, to ensure that those conditions do not “create ... for them a situation of stress and anxiety, with particularly traumatic consequences” (see, mutatis mutandis, Popov, cited above, § 102). Otherwise, the conditions in question would attain the threshold of severity required to come within the scope of the prohibition under Article 3 of the Convention.120. In the present case, as the Court has already observed (see paragraph 115 above), in view of the current situation as regards the reception system in Italy, and although that situation is not comparable to the situation in Greece which the Court examined in M.S.S., the possibility that a significant number of asylum seekers removed to that country may be left without accommodation or accommodated in overcrowded facilities without any privacy, or even in insalubrious or violent conditions, is not unfounded. It is therefore incumbent on the Swiss authorities to obtain assurances from their Italian counterparts that on their arrival in Italy the applicants will be received in facilities and in conditions adapted to the age of the children, and that the family will be kept together.”