Ook al bevat artikel 2 EP geen uitdrukkelijke beperkingenclausule en volgt uit de jurisprudentie van het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens (hierna: EHRM) dat deze bepaling zich uitstrekt tot elke vorm van onderwijs, dus niet alleen het primaire en voortgezet onderwijs, maar ook het vervolgonderwijs (zie onder meer het arrest van 10 november 2011, nr. 44774/98, Leyla Sahin/Turkije), dat betekent niet dat het recht op onderwijs absoluut is en niet zou mogen worden beperkt. De beoordelingsruimte van de Staat neemt toe naarmate het niveau van het onderwijs hoger is en – parallel daarmee – de leeftijd van de degene die onderwijs volgt, hoger is. De rechtbank verwijst in dit verband naar het arrest van het EHRM van 21 juni 2011, nr. 5335/05, in de zaak van Ponomaryovi tegen Bulgarije. In dit arrest heeft het EHRM op basis van het hiervoor weergegeven uitgangspunt ten aanzien van de verschillende vormen van onderwijs het volgende overwogen:
“56. In the Court’s view, the State’s margin of appreciation in this domain increases with the level of education, in inverse proportion to the importance of that education for those concerned and for society at large. Thus, at the university level, which to this day remains optional for many people, higher fees for aliens – and indeed fees in general – seem to be commonplace and can, in the present circumstances, be considered fully justified. The opposite goes for primary schooling, which provides basic literacy and numeracy – as well as integration into and first experiences of society – and is compulsory in most countries (see Konrad and Others, cited above).
57. Secondary education, which is in issue in the present case, falls between those two extremes. The distinction is confirmed by the difference of wording between paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of Article 28 § 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the first of which enjoins States to “[m]ake primary education compulsory and available free to all”, whereas the second and the third merely call upon them to “[e]ncourage the development of different forms of secondary education ... and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need” and to “[m]ake higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means” (see paragraph 33 above). It is also confirmed by the differentiation between those three levels of education in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (see paragraph 34 above). However, the Court is mindful of the fact that with more and more countries now moving towards what has been described as a “knowledge‑based” society, secondary education plays an ever‑increasing role in successful personal development and in the social and professional integration of the individuals concerned. Indeed, in a modern society, having no more than basic knowledge and skills constitutes a barrier to successful personal and professional development. It prevents the persons concerned from adjusting to their environment and entails far‑reaching consequences for their social and economic well‑being.”