Mede onder verwijzing naar de zaak Othman tegen het Verenigd Koninkrijk heeft de Grote Kamer van het Europees Hof voor de rechten van de mens in de zaak Harkins tegen het Verenigd Koninkrijk (15 juni 2017, nr. 71537/14) de gevallen waarin sprake is van een ‘flagrant denial of justice’, als volgt omschreven:
“62. (...) the Court recalls that the right to a fair trial in criminal proceedings, as embodied in Article 6 of the Convention, holds a prominent place in a democratic society. Consequently, it has not excluded that an issue might exceptionally be raised under Article 6 by an extradition decision in circumstances where the fugitive has suffered or risks suffering a flagrant denial of a fair trial in the requesting country (see Soering v. the United Kingdom, 7 July 1989, § 113, Series A no. 161). However, in the Court’s case-law the term “flagrant denial of justice” has been synonymous with a trial which is manifestly contrary to the provisions of Article 6 or the principles embodied therein (see Sejdovic v. Italy [GC], no. 56581/00, § 84, ECHR 2006–II).
63. Although it has not yet been required to define the term more precisely, the Court has nonetheless indicated that certain forms of unfairness could amount to a “flagrant denial of justice”. These have included: conviction in absentia with no subsequent possibility of a fresh determination of the merits of the charge (see Einhorn v. France (dec.), no. 71555/01, § 33, ECHR 2001-XI; Stoichkov v. Bulgaria, no. 9808/02, § 56, 24 March 2005; and Sejdovic, cited above § 84); a trial which is summary in nature and conducted with a total disregard for the rights of the defence (see Bader and Kanbor v. Sweden, no. 13284/04, § 47, ECHR 2005-XI); detention without any access to an independent and impartial tribunal to have the legality of the detention reviewed (see Al-Moayad v. Germany (dec.), 35865/03, § 101, 20 February 2007); a deliberate and systematic refusal of access to a lawyer, especially for an individual detained in a foreign country (ibid.); and the use in criminal proceedings of statements obtained as a result of torture of the accused or a third person in breach of Article 3 (see Othman (Abu Qatada) v. the United Kingdom, no. 8139/09, § 267, ECHR 2012 (extracts) and El Haski v. Belgium, 649/08, § 85, 25 September 2012).
64. Consequently, “flagrant denial of justice” is a stringent test of unfairness which goes beyond mere irregularities or lack of safeguards in the trial procedures such as might result in a breach of Article 6 if occurring within the Contracting State. What is required is a breach of the principles of a fair trial guaranteed by Article 6 which is so fundamental as to amount to a nullification, or destruction of the very essence, of the right guaranteed by that Article (see Othman (Abu Qatada), cited above, § 260). The Court has to date never found it established that an extradition would be in violation of Article 6 (in contrast to the deportation case of Othman (Abu Qatada), cited above, § 285, and the rendition cases of Al Nashiri v. Poland, no. 28761/11, § 568, 24 July 2014 and Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v. Poland, no. 7511/13, § 560, 24 July 2014).
65. In assessing whether this stringent test of unfairness has been met, the Court considers that the same standard and burden of proof should apply as in Article 3 expulsion cases. Therefore, it is for the applicant to adduce evidence capable of proving that there are substantial grounds for believing that, if he is removed from a Contracting State, he would be exposed to a real risk of being subjected to a flagrant denial of justice. Where such evidence is adduced, it is for the Government to dispel any doubts about it (see Othman (Abu Qatada), cited above, § 261).”