2.2.2Bij het verzoek tot uitlevering is overgelegd een Affidavit van de Assistant United States Attorney S.R. Prewitt van het Southern District of California, waarin de feiten waarvoor uitlevering is verzocht en waarvoor uitlevering door de rechtbank toelaatbaar is verklaard, als volgt worden omschreven:
“I. OVERVIEW OF THE INVESTIGATION
5. In or about October 2019, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in San Diego, California commenced an investigation centering on the now-defunct, hardened encrypted device provider, Anom. Hardened encrypted devices are tools of the trade for sophisticated transnational criminal organizations (TCOs). Indeed, the industry exists purely for criminal use. (...) The high-price, low-function Anom devices were marketed for its criminal users’ very specific and shared goal: keep law enforcement from seeing the messages. To that end, in addition to the stripped-down capabilities that made Anom devices more secure, Anom also allowed an Anom agent or distributor to remotely erase the contents of a device if it was seized by law enforcement. Anom users, when setting up a device, also were encouraged to set a duress password, which wiped the phone in case law enforcement was able to force someone to enter a password. Under this shield of ultimate privacy, TCOs openly planned and executed criminal activities using Anom because of the perceived reduced risk of being disrupted by law enforcement.
6. Anom devices could not be purchased on the open market but could only be purchased by knowing an agent or distributor of Anom devices. To even be able to access the password-protected Anom website, a potential buyer must have known an agent to get the password. Anom consisted of administrators, distributors, agents, influencers, and customers and generated profits through sales of Anom devices and services related to Anom:
(...)
b. Distributors were in charge of a large network of agents (i.e., resellers) of Anom devices, received payments for ongoing subscription fees, sent associated funds (minus personal profit) to administrators, and provided second-level technical support. Distributors also coordinated directly with administrators and had the power and authority to set up and disable accounts, as well as to remotely wipe and reset devices. Most distributors also had access to various Anom “portals” (i.e., internal recordkeeping systems), which allowed the distributors to manage services for their agents and customers and to otherwise “control” the geographical area for which they were responsible.
(...)
7. (...) [opgeëiste persoon] (...) and (...) were top distributors for Anom. As Anom distributors, each knew that they were working with the joint goal to create, maintain, use, and control a method of secure communication to facilitate the importation, exportation, and distribution of illegal narcotics into Australia, Asia, Europe, and North America; to launder the proceeds of such drug trafficking conduct; and to obstruct law enforcement investigations by creating, maintaining, using, and controlling a system whereby Anom would remotely delete evidence of such illicit activities.
8. (...) [opgeëiste persoon] (...) and other Anom distributors were wildly successful in their shared goal. At the time Anom was taken down in or about June 7, 2021, there were at least 9,500 Anom devices in use worldwide, including in the United States. That included the distribution of devices to more than 300 criminal syndicates operating in more than 100 countries, including Italian organized crime, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, and various international drug trafficking organizations. (...) A review of the messages reflects that Anom devices were used exclusively by criminals and/or criminal organizations. Additionally, those who used Anom were primarily command and control leadership of TCOs, who used the devices to coordinate the importation and distribution of large-scale narcotics transactions and the repatriation of proceeds from narcotics sales.
(...)
III. THE CHARGE AND PERTINENT UNITED STATES LAW
12. On May 28, 2021, a federal grand jury sitting in the Southern District of California returned a one-count indictment in Case (...), formally charging (...), [opgeëiste persoon] , (...) (and others) with conspiring with each other and others to violate the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), through a pattern of racketeering activity consisting of: (a) multiple offenses involving trafficking in controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841, 846, 952, 953, 959, 960, and 963; (b) multiple acts indictable under 18 U.S.C. § 1512 (obstruction of justice); and (c) multiple offenses involving the laundering of proceeds from the trafficking in controlled substances, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. (...)
13. Under United States law, a conspiracy is an agreement to commit one or more criminal offenses. The agreement on which the conspiracy is based need not be expressed in writing or in words but may be simply a tacit understanding by two or more persons to do something illegal. A conspirator can be held criminally responsible for all reasonably foreseeable actions undertaken by other conspirators in furtherance of the criminal partnership. Moreover, because of this partnership, statements made by a conspirator in the course of and while he is a member of the criminal conspiracy are admissible against all other members of the conspiracy. This is so because a conspirator acts as an agent or representative of the other conspirators when he is acting in furtherance of their illegal scheme.
14. In order to convict (...) [opgeëiste persoon] , (...) and (...) of a RICO conspiracy, the United States must prove at trial that: (1) Anom was an association-in-fact enterprise; (2) Anom was engaged in interstate or foreign commerce, or its activities in some way affected (or were contemplated to in some way affect) interstate or foreign commerce; (3) (...), [opgeëiste persoon] , (...) and (...) were employed by or associated with Anom; and (4) (...), [opgeëiste persoon] , (...) conducted or participated, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of the affairs of Anom through a pattern of racketeering activity. To conduct or participate means that the defendant had to be involved in the operation or management of Anom.
15. An “enterprise” includes a group of people who have associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct over a period of time. The group need not be a legal entity. It must have an ongoing organization, either formal or informal, but no particular structure is required. Its personnel may change over time. The enterprise must have some minimal effect upon interstate or foreign commerce, that is, a demonstrated connection or link with commerce between states in the United States or between the United States and another country. It is not necessary to prove that the enterprise or the defendant knew or intended that the conduct would affect commerce. The minimal effect on commerce can be shown by, for instance, the enterprise’s use of interstate or foreign communication devices (such as cellular telephones, or the internet), possession and use of firearms which have traveled across state or international lines, and travel by members across state or international lines. The enterprise alleged here is Anom, which is an association-in-fact enterprise.
16. A “pattern of racketeering activity” is two or more “racketeering acts” that have a relationship to each other (such as having the same or similar purposes, results, participants, victims, or methods of commission) and that constitute or pose a threat of continued criminal activity. “Racketeering acts” include, among other crimes, narcotics trafficking, money laundering, witness retaliation, witness tampering, and obstruction of justice. A pattern of racketeering activity can consist of the same types of racketeering acts. Thus, the crime of racketeering conspiracy is agreeing to conduct, or to participate in the conduct of the affairs of an enterprise - here Anom - through a contemplated pattern of racketeering activity. No racketeering act need be committed or even attempted. The unlawful agreement in itself is sufficient.
17. The statutes cited in the indictment and applicable to the defendants in this case are attached hereto at Exhibit A. A violation of these statutes is a felony under United States law. (...)
IV. SUMMARY OF THE FACTS
21. Anom messages intercepted by law enforcement have resulted (to date) in more than 800 arrests and seizures of more than eight tons of cocaine, 22 tons of marijuana, two tons of methamphetamine/amphetamine, six tons of precursor chemicals, 250 firearms, and more than $48 million in various worldwide currencies. Dozens of public corruption cases have been initiated and more than 50 clandestine drug labs have been dismantled, including one of the largest clandestine labs in German history. As top distributors of Anom, (...), [opgeëiste persoon] , (...) not only facilitated the criminal activities of others, but also used Anom to coordinate their own illicit activities, including drug trafficking, money laundering, and/or obstruction of justice.
(...)
[opgeëiste persoon] Identified as a Distributor of Anom and His Racketeering Activities
27. [opgeëiste persoon] is a citizen of the Netherlands, born on [geboortedatum] , 1983, in the [geboorteplaats] . (...) During the investigation, [opgeëiste persoon] was identified as an international distributor of Anom devices based in the Netherlands, who was committed to Anom’s goal of servicing the special communications needs of its criminal clientele. To that end, in or about January 2021, in a series of conversations in a group chat, administrators and distributors of Anom, including [opgeëiste persoon] , discussed tips for bringing in new clients. During the conversation, [opgeëiste persoon] suggested to the group certain language for reaching out to potential Anom customers. Specifically, [opgeëiste persoon] suggested the following proposed message: “If you are reading this, you are among the first people to see and experience Anom’s secure communications platform. Built by criminals for criminals.” [opgeëiste persoon] also was committed to Anom’s goal of operating “underground.” During the communications, another Anom distributor based in Australia, [betrokkene 1] , reminded the group that Anom is to stay underground: (...)
28. [opgeëiste persoon] was identified through messages on the Anom platform and open source database searches. For example, in or about January 6, 2021, the JID [Jabber Identification] believed to be used by [opgeëiste persoon] discussed phone distribution with another Anom user. In response to a request to send phones to addresses in Switzerland and Venezuela, the JID believed to be used by [opgeëiste persoon] sent a photograph of a shipping label addressed to an individual in Venezuela with a return address belonging to “ [opgeëiste persoon] ” in the Netherlands. Similarly, in or about April 19,2021, the JID believed to be used by [opgeëiste persoon] discussed phone distribution with another Anom user, who sent a photo of a shipping label addressed to “ [opgeëiste persoon] ” at the same Netherlands address.
(...)
30. A review of messages sent and received by [opgeëiste persoon] on the Anom platform reflects that he conspired with others in Anom to violate RICO by conducting or participating, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of the affairs of Anom through a pattern of racketeering acts, including, obstruction of justice, trafficking in controlled substances, and money laundering. With respect to obstruction of justice, for example, in or about December 4, 2020, another Anom user told [opgeëiste persoon] , “The cops took him.... Wipe this asap (...).” The user later asked about the wipe status, and [opgeëiste persoon] responded, “Yes. All gooed.”
31. [opgeëiste persoon] also used the Anom platform for drug trafficking and money laundering activities. For example, in or about January 4, 2021, [opgeëiste persoon] told [betrokkene 1] (...) that he would bring [betrokkene 1] kilos from Belgium. Separately, in or about February 12, 2021, [opgeëiste persoon] and [betrokkene 2] , an Anom distributor residing in Spain, discussed laundering money through [betrokkene 2] United States company account. [betrokkene 2] boasted, “ [A] 0% tax and no bookkeeping,” and [opgeëiste persoon] responded, “Okay very good. But I would have to have it clean.” [betrokkene 2] reassured [opgeëiste persoon] that, “It works good as long as you don’t sell anything to us and have to pay tax there. Yes this is pure moneylaundring (...).” Separately, in or about January 7, 2021, [opgeëiste persoon] and [betrokkene 1] also discussed money laundering activities. [betrokkene 1] stated, “I want a legitate [legitimate] bank account. The full shag bang, preferablly in a country with no extradrition.” [opgeëiste persoon] replied, “Im on it.”.”
2.3.1Volgens het proces-verbaal van de zitting heeft de raadsman van de opgeëiste persoon daar het woord gevoerd overeenkomstig de pleitnota die aan het proces-verbaal is gehecht. Deze pleitnota houdt in:
“GENOEGZAAMHEID STUKKEN - RECHTSMACHT
21. De feiten waarop het uitleveringsverzoek betrekking heeft, moeten - vanzelfsprekend - onder de rechtsmacht van de verzoekende staat vallen.
22. In beginsel komt aan de uitleveringsrechter geen oordeel toe ‘aangaande de rechtsmacht van de verzoekende Staat met betrekking tot de feiten waarvoor de uitlevering is verzocht’. Alleen in een uitzonderlijk geval, lijdt dat uitgangspunt uitzondering. Alleen dan mag de uitleveringsrechter zich dus een oordeel over de rechtsmacht van de verzoekende staat aanmatigen. De verdediging meent dat hiervan sprake is, dan wel dat hiertoe meer informatie dient te worden opgevraagd bij de Amerikaanse autoriteiten nu met deze informatie niet wordt voldaan aan de vereisten uit het Uitleveringsverdrag tussen partijen.
23. Op grond van artikel 9, tweede lid, van het Uitleveringsverdrag tussen NL en de VS moeten bij het uitleveringsverzoek worden overgelegd:
(a) alle beschikbare gegevens betreffende de identiteit, de nationaliteit, en de vermoedelijke verblijfplaats van de opgeëiste persoon;
(b) een uiteenzetting van de desbetreffende feiten, met inbegrip, indien mogelijk, van het tijdstip waarop en de plaats waar het misdrijf werd gepleegd;
(c) de wetsbepalingen houdende de wezenlijke elementen en de benaming van het strafbare feit waarvoor uitlevering wordt verzocht;
(d) de wetsbepalingen houdende de straf die op het delict is gesteld;
(e) de wetsbepalingen houdende toekenning van rechtsmacht ingeval het strafbare feit buiten het grondgebied van de verzoekende Staat werd gepleegd.
24. Artikel 18 Uitleveringswet bevat vergelijkbare voorschriften.
25. De verdediging constateert dat niet is voldaan aan sub b. van dit artikel nu niet staat aangegeven waar de gestelde misdrijven zich zouden hebben afgespeeld. Ook ten aanzien van het tijdstip of de pleegperiode is de informatie ieder geval vaag te noemen.
26. Voorts wordt het feitelijk handelen van cliënt onvoldoende ingevuld om specifiek een strafbaar feit onder te laten vallen. Het witwassen en de betrokkenheid van de verkoop van verdovende middelen is volkomen vaag en onvoldoende ingevuld met handelingen van cliënt.
27. De verdediging constateert dat ook niet is voldaan aan sub e. Uit de stukken wordt überhaupt niet duidelijk waar de Verenigde Staten haar rechtsmacht op meent te kunnen baseren. Er wordt namelijk met geen woord gerept over de plaats waar een en ander heeft plaatsgevonden. Er zijn zelfs sterke aanwijzingen dat de verdenkingen zich juist niet op Amerikaans grondgebied hebben afgespeeld.
28. Er wordt blijkens de verstrekte informatie contact gezocht met diverse andere internationale ‘Anom partijen’ maar niet blijkt dat dit op Amerikaans grondgebied zou hebben plaatsgevonden. Uit de informatie blijkt ook niet van directe betrokkenheid en/of samenwerking van andere Amerikaanse burgers. Zo is er gecommuniceerd met een Australiër ( [betrokkene 1] ), er wordt meermaals gesproken over het sturen van telefoons naar Zwitserland en Venezuela met een retoursticker naar het Nederlandse adres van cliënt, het gaat over drugs die van België naar [betrokkene 1] zouden worden gezonden (de Australiër) en er wordt gesproken over een legitieme bankrekening in een land zonder uitlevering. Dat zijn de Verenigde Staten evident niet. Op welke wijze de verweten gedragingen van cliënt effect/gevolg hebben gehad in de Verenigde Staten is ook niet duidelijk. Het verzoek is dan ook om hiertoe nadere informatie op te vragen bij de Amerikaanse autoriteiten en de specifieke wetsbepalingen op te vragen zoals ook is vereist op grond van artikel 9 van het Uitleveringsverdrag.”