2.6.Bij brief van 1 september 2015 heeft Euronext aan ORA en Fluhalp een “Investigation Report”, gedateerd juli 2015 (hierna: het Investigation Report), toegezonden dat, voor zover hier van belang, luidt als volgt:
Pursuant to Euronext Rule Book I Chapter 9, the Euronext Member Compliance Department (MCD) carried out an investigation into several prof transactions on the derivatives market that were entered into by Scrocca Option Trading B.V. (SOT) (ORA,
rechtbank) and another member (Fluhalp,
rechtbank) which is also part of the Scrocca Trading Group BV.
On 19 December 2014, after central order book trading had stopped at 17:30 CET and shortly before the contracts expired, SOT traded the following at a price of €0.01:
17:50:41 CET: Sell RD Dec 2014 3200 Calls for 50,000 contracts
17:50:41 CET: Buy RD Dec 2014 3000 Calls for 50,000 contracts
17:53:31 CET: Buy ING Dec 2014 1600 Calls for 75,000 contracts
17:53:31 CET: Buy ING Dec 2014 1800 Calls for 75,000 contracts
18:00:31 CET: Sell KPN Dec 2014 0303 Calls for 50,000 contracts
18:00:31 CET: Buy KPN Dec 2014 0320 Calls for 50,000 contracts
MCD categorised the involved transactions as remarkable due to:
• their unusually large size,
• the call option contracts were all significantly out of the money
• normal trading in the central order book was no longer possible before the options expired.
Therefore, MCD sent an information request (…) to your institution on 24 December 2014 asking for a detailed rationale.
Your institution (…) responded to this information request (…) by email (…) on 5 January 2015. In this reply SOT declared the following:
“De reden dat we deze transacties deden, was om een omzet treshold van onze clearing te halen. De kosten van deze transacties waren aanzienlijk lager dan de rebate die ons in het vooruitzicht was gesteld door de clearing bij het halen van een aantal gehandelde contracten per jaar. We haalden de limiet net niet, en de clearing was onverbiddelijk wat betreft de rebate: alles of niets. Vandaar dat we een aantal trades hebben gedaan om de volume limiet te halen. De timing, strikes en prijzen zijn zo gekozen dat de market impact minimaal bleef, zo was onze gedachte”. (…)
Based on your institution’s explanation, MCD started an investigation on 8 January 2015 (…) in which MCD formally asked for relevant facts of details leading up to the relevant transactions, who took the decisions preceding, and what disclosures had been made to your clearer.
Your institution (…) responded to this (…) letter (…) by email (…) on 29 January 2015. In this reply SOT declared the following: “
Halverwege december 2015 heeft Scrocca Option Trading B.V. (SOT) berekend hoeveel optie en future contracten tot dan toe gehandeld zijn. SOT kwam uit op ongeveer 15.3 miljoen contracten. In de Clearing fee schedule is een korting afgesproken geldend voor alle gehandelde optie/future contracten bij het behalen van 16 miljoen contracten. SOT heeft de Clearing gevraagd of zij een aangepaste rebate threshold konden geven omdat de 16 miljoen contracten waarschijnlijk net niet gehaald zouden gaan worden. Dit was volgens de Clearing echter niet mogelijk waardoor het Management heeft besloten om deze extra contracten te gaan handelen op Euronext. Om zo min mogelijk markt impact te genereren hebben wij gekozen om te handelen in out-of-the money opties, na sluiting van de reguliere handel en dat deze direct zouden expireren”. (…)
By entering into several prof transactions, namely:
• RD Dec 2014 3200 Calls for 50,000 contracts
• RD Dec 2014 3000 Calls for 50,000 contracts
• ING Dec 2014 1600 Calls for 75,000 contracts
• ING Dec 2014 1800 Calls for 75,000 contracts
• KPN Dec 2014 0303 Calls for 50,000 contracts
• KPN Dec 2014 0320 Calls for 50,000 contracts
for the reasons stated in SOT’s responses to communications from MCD including for the purpose of increasing the volume of contracts done so as to ensure SOT obtained a rebate from your clearing member,
MCD concludes the following Euronext Rules have been breached:
a. Rule 8102/1 (i);
to secure a clearing rebate from the clearer by:
i. entering into artificial transactions, or
ii. using the trading platform when there was no legitimate need,
SOT failed to observe high standards of integrity, market conduct and fair dealing,
b. Rule 8102/2,
the purpose of entering into transactions to receive a clearing rebate rather than achieve a trading / investment profit or loss does not constitute a legitimate need to use the Trading Platform,
c. Rule 8104/1 (ii),
the transactions were artificial because
i. the stated purpose was to inflate the number of contracts traded and to give the clearer the impression that the inflated number of contracts should be counted towards the rebate threshold,
ii. they were entered into between two separate members, both under the common control and ownership of the same beneficial shareholder, on economic terms which would not have been possible between independent members acting at “arms-length”.
d. Rule 8104/1 (vi):
by agreeing or acting in concert with Fluhalp (…) to enter into these prof transactions in breach of Rules 8102/2 and 8104/1 (ii).
In addition the question arose during the course of the Investigation whether Rule 8104/1 (iv) may have been breached in that by posting the prof transactions, SOT engaged in, knowingly facilitated or failed to take reasonable steps to prevent any action or any course of conduct that created or may reasonably be expected to have created any false or misleading impression as to the market in, or price or value of, the relevant Financial Instruments. However, this investigation so far has not answered this question.
In the Draft Investigation Report of 29 May 2015 MCD shared its findings with SOT. SOT responded by letter of 11 June 2015 (…). In its response SOT disagrees with MCD’s findings, more specifically SOT is of the opinion that the transactions are not manipulative.
MCD and SOT agreed to have an Exploratory Meeting which was held (…) on 30 June 2015.
In the exploratory meeting on 30 June 2015 (…) MCD explained the process of the Investigation and how it came to its findings and that its interpretation and application of the Rules was discussed internally with Legal & Regulations.
SOT explained that in their view their transactions could not be seen as manipulative. MCD responded that, although it is not excluded that the trades could have been manipulative, the investigation has not sought to prove that. If the argument was made, then still the impact would probably have been limited as trading had already been stopped in the products and the options were about to expire.
That leaves that in view of MCD the trade are artificial and had no other purpose than to increase the traded volume of SOT and Fluhalp to benefit from a lower fee of the clearer. SOT argued that a clear definition of an artificial trade is not mentioned in the Rules. MCD responded that indeed there is no clear description. However, the definition of Wash Trades as described in the ESMA guidelines gives a helpful indication of what can constitute an artificial trade. MCD indicated it could be considered that the exchange will give the Members some guidance on wash trades/artificial trades and that the example of SOT/Fluhalp could be used for that. Nevertheless, there will always need to be room for interpretation. Manipulation and artificial trades are not violations like speeding where there is a clear limit. In view of MCD the trades by SOT/Fluhalp were clearly interpreted as being artificial as meant by the Rules and ESMA. SOT said MCD’s initial letter indeed made them aware of the possibility that the trades could be seen as artificial, but SOT still finds that they are not artificial as the market was not harmed and the clearer was aware of their intentions. MCD responded that the market as a whole may not have been harmed but that certainly the clearing member was harmed as they received less fees than they would have without these trades. The fact that ABN AMRO apparently did not object does not change that and in any case MCD is of the opinion that the exchange is not the place to solve an issue on fees with a clearer. That is not what the market is meant for.
SOT argued that similar trades (prof trades in options between related Members) have not led to investigations by MCD, e.g. so called dividend trades. MCD replied that dividend traded have indeed not led to investigations, but that this issue is still under discussion between Euronext, the regulator and (also) market participants.
We discussed the issues around dividend trading and possible solutions, but that is outside the scope of this investigation and will be dealt with separately.
MCD explained that a summary of this meeting would be included in the final report as well as the conclusion of the Investigation that may include enforcement measures as stipulated in Notice N9-01. SOT said it would appreciate it if Euronext would take into consideration that this is a first time offence.
Both parties appreciated the opportunity to exchange views on this matter.
MCD concludes the following Euronext Rules have been breached:
Rule 8102/1 (i);
Rule 8102/2,
Rule 8104/1 (ii),
Rule 8104/1 (vi).
Pursuant to Rule 9.3 Euronext imposes the following enforcement measures:
- For breach of Rule 8102/1 (i), Rule 8102/2 and Rule 8104/1 (vi) MCD imposes on SOT a formal warning and MCD requires SOT to fulfil its obligations under the Rules.
- For breach of Rule 8104/1 (ii) MCD imposes the applicable fine as stipulated in Notice N9-01, being an amount of 50.000 euro. As the violation can beseen as one violation between two Member firms, but the same individuals taking the decisions, this fine will be split evenly between the two Members involved (SOT and Fluhalp (…)).