Over deze bepaling in verband met pensioen- en sociale verzekeringsrechten overwoog de Grote Kamer van het Europese Hof voor de rechten van de mens op 5 september 2017, in de zaak
Fábián v. Hungary, als volgt:
1. Applicability of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and the existence of interference
60. The Court reiterates that Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, which guarantees in substance the right of property, comprises three distinct rules. The first rule, which is set out in the first sentence of the first paragraph, is of a general nature and enunciates the principle of peaceful enjoyment of property. The second rule, contained in the second sentence of the first paragraph, covers deprivation of possessions and subjects it to certain conditions. The third rule, stated in the second paragraph, recognises that the Contracting States are entitled, amongst other things, to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest, by enforcing such laws as they deem necessary for the purpose. However, the rules are not “distinct” in the sense of being unconnected. The second and third rules are concerned with particular instances of interference with the right to peaceful enjoyment of property and should therefore be construed in the light of the general principle enunciated in the first rule (…).
(…)
64. The Court has previously held that the modification or discontinuance of supplementary retirement benefits constituted “neither an expropriation nor a measure to control the use of property” (…), and that the reduction of a pension by way of forfeiture was “neither a control of use nor a deprivation of property” (…). As it did in those two cases, the Court considers that the interference with the applicant’s property rights in the present case falls to be considered under the first rule mentioned above, namely the general principle of peaceful enjoyment of property (…).
2. Compliance with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1
(a) Relevant principles
65. The principles relevant to the present case have recently been set out by the Grand Chamber in its judgment in Béláné Nagy (…):
“112. An essential condition for an interference with a right protected by Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to be deemed compatible with this provision is that it should be lawful. The rule of law, one of the fundamental principles of a democratic society, is inherent in all the Articles of the Convention (…).
113. Moreover, any interference by a public authority with the peaceful enjoyment of possessions can only be justified if it serves a legitimate public (or general) interest. Because of their direct knowledge of their society and its needs, the national authorities are in principle better placed than the international judge to decide what is ‘in the public interest’. Under the system of protection established by the Convention, it is thus for the national authorities to make the initial assessment as to the existence of a problem of public concern warranting measures interfering with the peaceful enjoyment of possessions. The notion of ‘public interest’ is necessarily extensive. In particular, the decision to enact laws concerning social-insurance benefits will commonly involve consideration of economic and social issues. The Court finds it natural that the margin of appreciation available to the legislature in implementing social and economic policies should be a wide one and will respect the legislature’s judgment as to what is ‘in the public interest’ unless that judgment is manifestly without reasonable foundation (…).
114. This is particularly so, for instance, when passing laws in the context of a change of political and economic regime (…); the adoption of policies to protect the public purse (…); or to reallocate funds (…); or of austerity measures prompted by a major economic crisis (…).
115. In addition, Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 requires that any interference be reasonably proportionate to the aim sought to be realised (…). The requisite fair balance will not be struck where the person concerned bears an individual and excessive burden (…).
116. In considering whether the interference imposed an excessive individual burden the Court will have regard to the particular context in which the issue arises, namely that of a social-security scheme. Such schemes are an expression of a society’s solidarity with its vulnerable members (…).
117. The Court reiterates that the deprivation of the entirety of a pension is likely to breach the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and that, conversely, reasonable reductions to a pension or related benefits are likely not to do so. However, the fair balance test cannot be based solely on the amount or percentage of the reduction suffered, in the abstract. In a number of cases the Court has endeavoured to assess all the relevant elements against the specific background (…). In so doing, the Court has attached importance to such factors as the discriminatory nature of the loss of entitlement (…); the absence of transitional measures (…); the arbitrariness of the condition (…), as well as the applicant’s good faith (…).
118. An important consideration is whether the applicant’s right to derive benefits from the social-insurance scheme in question has been infringed in a manner resulting in the impairment of the essence of his or her pension rights (…).”