2.5.Een “Verified Complaint for Forfeiture” (hierna: de Complaint) van een United States Attorney van 22 december 2017 beschrijft een “civil action in rem brought by the United States […] seeking forfeiture of all right, title, and interest” ter zake van een aantal goederen (banktegoeden, twee jachten en een vliegtuig; hierna: de goederen) ter waarde van ongeveer USD 11 miljoen, welke goederen toebehoren aan [naam 1] of aan hem gelieerde vennootschappen. Volgens de Complaint zijn deze goederen betrokken bij illegale activiteiten. De Complaint luidt verder als volgt, voor zover van belang:
3. As explained more fully below, [naam 1] ("[naam 1]") and [naam 2] ("[naam 2] ") have consented to the forfeiture of the [goederen] due to the fact that this defendant property was involved in an unlicensed money transmitting business wherein Venezuelan bolivars were exchanged for U.S. dollars ("USD") the black market currency exchange in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1960. [naam 1] and [naam 2] used the criminal proceeds to further promote the unlicensed money transmitting business including by sending funds to and from the United States and a place outside the United State and to conduct financial transactions to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership and/or control of the proceeds, all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. […]
4. [ naam 1] and [naam 2], who are the only known potential claimants to the
defendant property, have consented to the forfeiture of the defendant property.
8. Title 18, United States Code, Section 1956(a)(1)(A) provides that whoever knowing that the property involved in a financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity, conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction which in fact involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity, with the intent to promote the carrying on o specified unlawful activity, commits a federal crime.
9. Title 18, United States Code, Section 1956(a)(1)(B) provides that whoever knowing that the property involved in a financial transaction represents the proceeds of some form of unlawful activity, conducts or attempts to conduct such a financial transaction which in fact involves the proceeds of specified unlawful activity, knowing that the transaction is designed in whole or in part to conceal the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds of specified unlawful activity, commits a federal crime.
FACTS GIVING RISE TO FORFEITURE
The Venezuela CADIVI System
19. Historically, many Venezuelan citizens have sought to protect their wealth from local economic, political and social factors by converting it to more stable banking systems in Europe and the United States. To avoid a flight of capital, the Venezuelan government has restricted the outflow of funds from their financial systems by imposing numerous barriers on currency exchange. In recent years, the Venezuelan government has enacted various policies and regulations which make the transfer of funds out of Venezuela difficult and complex.
20. In February 2003, Venezuela enacted currency exchange controls which fixed the exchange rate of the Venezuelan bolivar to the USD at a rate controlled by the Venezuelan government's Foreign Exchange Commission, or […] ("CADIVI"). CADIVI is a government entity managed by the Venezuelan Finance Ministry with authority to regulate and impose restrictions on foreign currency exchange rates and the procedures used to obtain foreign currencies. CADIVI has the authority to sell USD to individuals and corporations for limited use purposes that include the purchase of products or imports for certain industries, and other limited purposes identified by the government. USD sold by CADIVI has a preferential exchange rate. CADIVI maintains tight control of the outflow of USD from Venezuela's Central Bank and the certification process to exchange bolivars to USD is strict and bureaucratic.
[…]
22. [ naam 2] and [naam 1] are both Venezuelan nationals who currently reside in Venezuela.
23. [ naam 2] was the majority owner of Servinaca, C.A ("Servinaca"), a poultry farm in Venezuela that was approved for payment by the CADIVI. Another individual who conspired with [naam 2] and [naam 1] in the below described unlicensed money transmitting scheme (hereinafter referred to as the "co-conspirator") also had a partial ownership interest in Servinaca.
24. [ naam 1] is the president of Resguarda Sociedad De Corretaje De Seguros C.A. ("Resguarda"), an insurance company based in Venezuela. At all times relevant to this complaint; Resguarda maintained a brokerage account ending in 2338 with Wells Fargo Advisors, based in St. Louis, Missouri (the "Wells Fargo Account"). The Wells Fargo Account is an "enhanced" brokerage account that combines investing and financial management features. [naam 1] is the sole signatory for the Wells Fargo Account.
25. Neither [naam 2], [naam 1], Resguarda nor the co-conspirator are registered with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) or licensed with any State to operate as a money transmitting business.
26. [ naam 2] and others submitted false and inflated invoices by and through Servinaca in order to obtain USD at a preferred rate from the CADIVI. The USD released by the CADIVI was wired to, inter alia, accounts controlled by the co-conspirator. [naam 2] and others sold the USD received by the CADIVI through the black market currency exchange to third parties, including to [naam 1]. Specifically, [naam 1] received more than $11 million USD as part of this black market exchange since approximately October 2011.
27. Investigators have interviewed [naam 1]. [naam 1] admitted that he purchased and sold USD by and through the Wells Fargo Account as part of the black market exchange of Venezuelan bolivars and USD. [naam 1] further confirmed that he purchased approximately $11 million USD in transactions that were facilitated by [naam 2] and the co-conspirator.
[…]
30. On or about September 29, 2017, [naam 1] signed a written consent to the forfeiture of the Wells Fargo Account Funds, both in his individual capacity and in his capacity as President and authorized representative of Resguarda.
31. [ naam 1] also maintained an account ending in 1263 held in his name at International Finance Bank (the "IFB Account").
[…]
34. On or about September 29, 2017, [naam 1] signed a written consent to the forfeiture of the IFB Account Funds.
35. On or about July 12, 2012, [naam 1] purchased the Plane for approximately $1.8 million using funds from the IFB Account. […]
[…]
42. On or about September 29, 2017, [naam 1] signed a written consent to the forfeiture of the Plane, both in his individual capacity, and in his capacity as authorized representative of Sky.
48. On or about September 11, 2017, the Yacht was restrained by law enforcement in the Dutch territory of Bonaire, and was subsequently moved to the United States.
49. On or about September 29, 2017, [naam 1] signed a written consent to the forfeiture of the Yacht, both in his individual capacity and in his capacity as the controlling director, beneficial owner, and authorized representative of OMV.
Count I — Forfeiture as Property Involved in Money Laundering
18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A)
58. Each of the foregoing allegations is hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.
59. [ naam 1], [naam 2], the co-conspirator and others operated an unlicensed money transmitting business in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1960, and used the proceeds to promote the carrying on of the unlicensed money transmitting business (including by sending funds to and fron the United States to a place outside the United States), and to conduct financial transactions to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership and/or control of the proceeds, all in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956. [naam 1], [naam 2], the co-conspirator and others further used the criminal proceeds from the unlicensed money transmitting business to conduct monetary transactions in an amount greater than $10,000 in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957.
60. As such, the defendant property, including [de goederen], are subject to forfeiture pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(A) as property involved in a transaction or attempted transaction in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956, 1957 and/or 1960, or as property traceable to such property.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, the United States of America prays that notice issue on the defendant properties as described above; that due notice be given to all parties to appear and show cause why the forfeiture should not be decreed; that judgment be entered declaring that the defendant properties be forfeited to the United States of America for disposition according to law; and that the United States of America be granted such other relief as this Court may deem just and proper, together with the costs and disbursements of this action.