De uitspraak van het EHRM in de zaak Schatschaschwili tegen Duitsland (EHRM 15 december 2015, nr. 9154/10, ECLI:CE:ECHR:2015:1215JUD000915410) houdt onder meer het volgende in:
"107. According to the principles developed in the Al-Khawaja and Tahery judgment, it is necessary to examine in three steps the compatibility with Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) of the Convention of proceedings in which statements made by a witness who had not been present and questioned at the trial were used as evidence (ibid., § 152). The Court must examine
(i) whether there was a good reason for the non-attendance of the witness and, consequently, for the admission of the absent witness's untested statements as evidence (ibid., §§ 119-25);
(ii) whether the evidence of the absent witness was the sole or decisive basis for the defendant's conviction (ibid., §§ 119 and 126-47); and
(iii) whether there were sufficient counterbalancing factors, including strong procedural safeguards, to compensate for the handicaps caused to the defence as a result of the admission of the untested evidence and to ensure that the trial, judged as a whole, was fair (ibid., § 147).
(...)
116. Given that the Court's concern is to ascertain whether the proceedings as a whole were fair, it must review the existence of sufficient counterbalancing factors not only in cases in which the evidence given by an absent witness was the sole or the decisive basis for the applicant's conviction. It must also do so in those cases where, following its assessment of the domestic courts' evaluation of the weight of the evidence (described in more detail in paragraph 124 below), it finds it unclear whether the evidence in question was the sole or decisive basis but is nevertheless satisfied that it carried significant weight and that its admission may have handicapped the defence. The extent of the counterbalancing factors necessary in order for a trial to be considered fair will depend on the weight of the evidence of the absent witness. The more important that evidence, the more weight the counterbalancing factors will have to carry in order for the proceedings as a whole to be considered fair.
(...)
118. (...) it will, as a rule, be pertinent to examine the three steps of the Al-Khawaja-test in the order defined in that judgment (see paragraph 107 above). However, all three steps of the test are interrelated and, taken together, serve to establish whether the criminal proceedings at issue have, as a whole, been fair. (...)
(...)
123. As regards the question whether the evidence of the absent witness whose statements were admitted in evidence was the sole or decisive basis for the defendant's conviction (second step of the Al-Khawaja test), the Court reiterates that "sole" evidence is to be understood as the only evidence against the accused (see Al-Khawaja and Tahery, cited above, § 131). "Decisive" evidence should be narrowly interpreted as indicating evidence of such significance or importance as is likely to be determinative of the outcome of the case. Where the untested evidence of a witness is supported by other corroborative evidence, the assessment of whether it is decisive will depend on the strength of the supporting evidence; the stronger the corroborative evidence, the less likely that the evidence of the absent witness will be treated as decisive (ibid., § 131).
124. As it is not for the Court to act as a court of fourth instance (see Nikolitsas, cited above, § 30), its starting point for deciding whether an applicant's conviction was based solely or to a decisive extent on the depositions of an absent witness is the judgments of the domestic courts (see Beggs, cited above, § 156; Kostecki, cited above, § 67; and Horncastle, cited above, §§ 141 and 150). The Court must review the domestic courts' evaluation in the light of the meaning it has given to "sole" and "decisive" evidence and ascertain for itself whether the domestic courts' evaluation of the weight of the evidence was unacceptable or arbitrary (compare, for instance, McGlynn v. the United Kingdom (dec.), no. 40612/11, § 23, 16 October 2012, and Garofolo, cited above, §§ 52-53). It must further make its own assessment of the weight of the evidence given by an absent witness if the domestic courts did not indicate their position on that issue or if their position is not clear (compare, for instance, Fąfrowicz, cited above, § 58;
Pichugin v. Russia, no. 38623/03, §§ 196-200, 23 October 2012; Tseber, cited above, §§ 54-56; and Nikolitsas, cited above, § 36)."