Uitspraak
GERECHTSHOF DEN HAAG
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17.de Nederlandse Vereniging van Strafrechtadvocaten,
Raad van Europese Balies,
Michaud t. Frankrijk.In dat arrest heeft het EHRM overwogen dat de correspondentie tussen advocaat en cliënt een “privileged status where confidentiality is concerned” heeft en dat het met name belang hecht aan het risico dat de “proper administration of justice” wordt geraakt. Het EHRM overwoog verder:
legal professional privilege is of great importance for both the lawyer and his client and for the proper administration of justice. It is without a doubt one of the fundamental principles on which the administration of justice in a democratic society is based. It is not, however, inviolable (…)” (onderstreping hof)
Michaudhad geen betrekking op het
tappenvan gesprekken van een advocaat. De zaak
Kopp t. Zwitserlandvan 25 maart 1998, no. 13/1997/797/1000 had dat wel. Daarin overwoog het EHRM:
such as the requirement at the relevant stage of the proceedings that the prosecuting authorities’ telephone-tapping order must be approved by the President of the Indictment Division (….), who is an independent judge, or the fact that the applicant was officially informed that his telephone calls had been intercepted (…).
without supervision by an independent judge, especially in this sensitive area of the confidential relations between a lawyer and his clients, which directly concern the rights of the defence.” (onderstreping hof)
Kennedy t. Verenigd Koninkrijkvan 18 mei 2010, no. 26839/05 en
Weber en Saravia t. Duitslandvan 29 juni 2006, no. 54934/00 van belang. Het EHRM overwoog in de zaak
Kennedy:
it is in principle desirable to entrust supervisory control to a judge(….). In the present case, the Court highlights the extensive jurisdiction of the IPT to examine any complaint of unlawful interception. Unlike in many other domestic systems (….), any person who suspects that his communications have been or are being intercepted may apply to the IPT (….). The jurisdiction of the IPT does not, therefore, depend on notification to the interception subject that there has been an interception of his communications. The Court emphasises that the IPT is an independent and impartial body, which has adopted its own rules of procedure.
The members of the tribunal must hold or have held high judicial office or be experienced lawyers(see paragraph 75 above). In undertaking its examination of complaints by individuals, the IPT has access to closed material and has the power to require the Commissioner to provide it with any assistance it thinks fit and the power to order disclosure by those involved in the authorisation and execution of a warrant of all documents it considers relevant (….). In the event that the IPT finds in the applicant's favour, it can,
inter alia,
quash any interception order, require destruction of intercept materialand order compensation to be paid (….). The publication of the IPT's legal rulings further enhances the level of scrutiny afforded to secret surveillance activities in the United Kingdom (….).”
Weber en Saraviakwam het EHRM tot de conclusie dat voldaan was aan de voorwaarden van artikel 8 EVRM omdat het afluisteren aan onafhankelijk toezicht was onderworpen:
This assessment depends on all the circumstances of the case, such as the nature, scope and duration of the possible measures, the grounds required for ordering them, the authorities competent to authorise, carry out and supervise them, and the kind of remedy provided by the national law (….).” (onderstreping hof)
the Court notes that the G 10 Act provided for independent supervisionby two bodies which had a comparatively significant role to play. Firstly, there was a Parliamentary Supervisory Board, which consisted of nine members of parliament, including members of the opposition. The Federal Minister authorising monitoring measures had to report to this board at least every six months. Secondly,
the Act established the G 10 Commission, which had to authorise surveillance measures and had substantial power in relation to all stages of interception. The Court observes that in its judgment in the
Klass and Otherscase (….) it found this system of supervision, which remained essentially the same under the amended G 10 Act at issue here, to be such as to keep the interference resulting from the contested legislation to what was “necessary in a democratic society”. It sees no reason to reach a different conclusion in the present case.” (onderstreping hof)
Klass e.a. t. Duitsland, welke zaak niet specifiek betrekking had op het afluisteren van advocaten, overwoog het EHRM:
an initial control is carried out by an official qualified for judicial office. This official examines the information obtained before transmitting to the competent services such information as may be used in accordance with the Act and is relevant to the purpose of the measure; he destroys any other intelligence that may have been gathered(see paragraph 20 above). (onderstreping hof)
judicial control was excluded, being replaced by an initial control effected by an official qualified for judicial office and by the control provided by the Parliamentary Board and the G 10 Commission. The Court considers that, in a field where abuse is potentially so easy in individual cases and could have such harmful consequences for democratic society as a whole,
it is in principle desirable to entrust supervisory control to a judge.
De Telegraaf t. Nederland(EHRM 22 november 2012, no. 39315/06), waarin het ging om het tappen van journalisten teneinde de identiteit van hun bron te achterhalen, overwoog het EHRM:
Weber and Saravia.
it is in principle desirable to entrust supervisory control to a judge(….).
However, in both cases the Court was prepared to accept as adequate the independent supervision available.In
Klass and Others,
this included a practice of seeking prior consent to surveillance measures of the G 10 Commission, an independent body chaired by a president who was qualified to hold judicial office and which moreover had the power to order the immediate termination of the measures in question(
….). In
Kennedy(
loc. cit.) the Court was impressed by the interplay between the Investigatory Powers Tribunal (“IPT”),
an independent body composed of persons who held or had held high judicial office and experienced lawyers which had the power, among other things, to quash interception orders, and the Interception of Communications Commissioner, likewise a functionary who held or had held high judicial office (….) and who had access to all interception warrants and applications for interception warrants(
….).
Sanoma, an order involving the disclosure of journalistic sources was given by a public prosecutor. The Court dismissed as inadequate in terms of Article 10 the involvement of an investigating judge, since his intervention, conceded voluntarily by the public prosecutor, lacked a basis in law and his advice was not binding. Judicial review
post factumcould not cure these failings, since it could not prevent the disclosure of the identity of the journalistic sources from the moment when this information came into the hands of the public prosecutor and the police (
….).
but in any case without prior review by an independent body with the power to prevent or terminate it(section 19 of the 2002 Intelligence and Security Services Act, see paragraph 51 above).
post factum, whether by the Supervisory Board, the Committee on the Intelligence and Security Services of the Lower House of Parliament or the National Ombudsman, cannot restore the confidentiality of journalistic sources once it is destroyed.
Telegraafen het hof ziet geen aanleiding om voor het tappen van een advocaat een andere maatstaf aan te leggen. Anders dan de Staat aanvoert heeft de voorzieningenrechter ook niet miskend dat ook toetsing achteraf, mits effectief, voldoende waarborgen kan bieden. Integendeel, de voorzieningenrechter heeft met zoveel woorden overwogen dat de onafhankelijke toets niet in alle gevallen voorafgaand aan de inzet van bijzondere bevoegdheden hoeft plaats te vinden (rechtsoverweging 4.14), mits het toezichthoudende orgaan de bevoegdheid heeft het tappen van advocaten te voorkomen
ofte beëindigen (rechtsoverwegingen 4.13 en 4.14).
Weber en Saraviahierboven), maar uit de rechtspraak van het EHRM volgt ondubbelzinnig dat deze marge niet zo ruim is dat kan worden afgezien van onafhankelijk toezicht op het tappen van advocaten. Er kan bovendien geen twijfel over bestaan dat het vereiste onafhankelijke toezicht in dit geval ontbreekt.
fair trial, meer in het bijzonder met artikel 6 lid 3 onder c EVRM. Het EHRM heeft immers als één van deze grondbeginselen het recht van de verdachte aangemerkt om zonder toezicht en buiten gehoorsafstand van een derde met zijn advocaat te overleggen. Zie
Dominichini t. Italië(15943/90) onder 39;
Öcalan t. Turkije(46221/99) onder 133;
Moiseyev t. Rusland(62936/00) onder 209. In
S. t. Zwitserland(12629/87) overwoog het EHRM: