Uitspraak
Tussenarrest van de meervoudige kamer voor strafzaken
[verdachte] ,
Het hoger beroep
Onderzoek van de zaak
Geldigheid van de dagvaarding
Verband met andere aanhangige zaken
De verzoeken
- daartoe het openbaar ministerie opdracht te geven deze overbrenging van verdachte te bewerkstelligen ten behoeve van het aanwezigheidsrecht van verdachte ex artikel 6 van Pro het EVRM;
- het openbaar ministerie opdracht te geven informatie in te doen winnen bij de Marokkaanse autoriteiten omtrent de stand van de berechtingen van verdachte in Marokko en/of de al dan niet onherroepelijke bestraffing(en) aldaar en diens persoonlijke omstandigheden, waaronder zijn gezondheid;
- inlichtingen in te winnen in Marokko omtrent verdachtes strafzaken aldaar, zoals de aard en omvang van de ten laste gelegde feiten en de daarbij gehanteerde periodes en kwalificaties waar die verdenking en het onderliggend onderzoek betrekking op heeft;
- het openbaar ministerie inzicht te doen verschaffen in de afspraken omtrent en de onderzoeksresultaten van de samenwerking van het openbaar ministerie met de Marokkaanse autoriteiten in de Marokkaanse procedures tegen verdachte, ook ten aanzien van de ontnemingsprocedure tegen verdachte.
- het openbaar ministerie opdracht te geven het strafdossier te completeren;
- een getuige-deskundige te benoemen teneinde het hof voor te lichten omtrent de mogelijkheden van een overbrenging van [verdachte] .
Oordeel hof
57. Although this is not expressly mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 6, the object and purpose of the Article taken as a whole show that a person “charged with a criminal offence” is entitled to take part in the hearing. Moreover, sub-paragraphs (c), (d) and (e) of paragraph 3 guarantee to “everyone charged with a criminal offence” the right “to defend himself in person”, “to examine or have examined witnesses” and “to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court”, and it is difficult to see how he could exercise these rights without being present (see Colozza, cited above, § 27; T. v. Italy, 12 October 1992, § 26, Series A no. 245‑C; F.C.B. v. Italy, cited above, § 33; and Sejdovic v. Italy [GC], no. 56581/00, § 81, ECHR 2006‑II).
58. The Court has also held that although proceedings that take place in the accused’s absence are not of themselves incompatible with Article 6 of the Convention, a denial of justice nevertheless undoubtedly occurs where a person convicted in absentia is unable subsequently to obtain from a court which has heard him a fresh determination of the merits of the charge, in respect of both law and fact, where it has not been established that he has waived his right to appear and to defend himself or that he intended to escape trial (see Sejdovic, cited above, § 82, with further references). In particular, where an appellate court has to examine a case as to the facts and the law and make a full assessment of the issue of guilt or innocence, it cannot determine the issue without a direct assessment of the evidence given in person by the accused for the purpose of proving that he did not commit the act allegedly constituting a criminal offence (see Hermi v. Italy [GC], no. 18114/02, § 64, ECHR 2006‑XII; see also, as a more recent authority, Zahirović v. Croatia, no. 58590/11, § 56, 25 April 2013). Still less can it do so where the appellate court is called upon to examine whether the applicant’s sentence should be increased (Zahirović, § 57).
59. Turning to the present case, the Court notes at the outset that there is nothing to suggest that the applicant did not intend to attend the Court of Appeal’s hearing on the merits. In this, the facts of the present case are in stark contrast with those of Medenica. Likewise, although the applicant’s counsel was offered – and made use of – the opportunity to conduct the defence in the applicant’s absence, he made requests both before and at the hearing for an adjournment in order to enable the applicant to attend in person (see paragraphs 17-20 above). In this the present case differs markedly from De Groot. In the light of the case-law set out in the preceding three paragraphs, the Court considers that the applicant was entitled to attend the Court of Appeal’s hearing on the merits of his case.
60. The present case is, in its essentials, identical to F.C.B. v. Italy. In that case an Italian court proceeded with the trial of an absent accused even though the Italian authorities had received official information that the accused was in detention in the Netherlands. The Court noted in that case that there was nothing to indicate that Mr F.C.B. had intended to waive his right to appear at the trial and defend himself (see F.C.B. v. Italy, cited above, § 33).
61. The refusal of the Court of Appeal to consider measures that would have enabled the applicant to make use of his right to attend the hearing on the merits is all the more difficult to understand given that the Court of Appeal increased the applicant’s sentence from four years and six months to eight years, which meant that after returning to the Netherlands the applicant had to serve time in addition to the sentence of the Regional Court which he had already completed (see paragraphs 15 and 31 above).
62. The Court agrees with the Government that the applicant’s arrest in Norway was a direct consequence of his own behaviour (compare, mutatis mutandis, F.C.B. v. Italy, cited above, § 35). It also recognises as legitimate the interests of the victim’s surviving kin and of society as a whole in seeing the criminal proceedings against the applicant brought to a timely conclusion. Even so, having regard to the prominent place which the right to a fair trial holds in a democratic society within the meaning of the Convention, the Court cannot find that either the applicant’s presence at hearings during the first-instance proceedings and the initial stages of the appeal proceedings or the active conduct of the defence by counsel can compensate for the absence of the accused in person (see, mutatis mutandis, Zana, cited above, § 72).
63. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention.”
- tijdstip en inhoud van de uitgegane rechtshulpverzoeken aan Marokko;
- tijdstip en inhoud van de binnengekomen antwoorden van Marokko.
BESLISSING
- informatie te verstrekken omtrent afgesloten en lopende zaken van verdachte in Marokko, zoals hierboven besproken;
- het via de daarvoor bestemde kanalen ertoe te leiden dat verdachte gebruik kan maken van zijn aanwezigheidsrecht om bij de behandeling van de zaak aanwezig te zijn, zoals hierboven besproken, dan wel – als dat niet mogelijk is – een van een van de andere middelen gebruik kan maken, op de wijze en in de volgorde zoals hierboven vermeld;
- een voorlichtingsrapportage omtrent verdachte te laten opmaken.